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Jean-Marie Le Pen in 2006.

Far Right’s Electoral Success in France has Deep History

… most critical elections in decades. European and American commentators almost uniformly expressed shock at the … In recent decades the nation has continued to struggle to come to terms with its past through highly visible war … While a far-right victory this Sunday is unlikely, a future social and political earthquake, such as happened …
Clarence Thomas

Top Ten Origins: Controversial SCOTUS Nominees

… John Marshall’s seat, he was able at long last to overcome the strong objection of the Whigs during his third, and … full Senate ultimately confirmed him, the Senate Judiciary Committee’s initial rejection and strong opposition to his … hearing, which set the precedent for nominee attendance at future hearings. He was confirmed 47-22.   5. The Judicial …
The Eve of Destruction: How 1965 Transformed America, by James T. Patterson Book Cover.

Capturing a Moment

Review of The Eve of Destruction: How 1965 Transformed America, by James T. Patterson (New York: Basic Books, 2012)
… my professor is onto something. Patterson shares with other commentators the feeling that 1965 was a “pivot” or a … the fact no one knew how much it would cost; and struck a compromise on the issue of federal funding to parochial … options: looking soft on communism or sending Americans to die. Patterson emphasizes the feasibility of Johnson’s …
A 1960s photo of a hallway inside the Philadelphia County Prison.

Have We Learned Nothing About Prisons?

… the world, trailing only Russia. The prison industry has become big business: billions of dollars are being spent on … reprisals and crackdowns on inmate reading material became common. Television replaced reading as the preferred source … but the way we’re handling our prison populations, the future surely holds more Atticas. Keith Edgerton is an …
1942 photo of an American flag.

The Changing Symbolism of Old Glory

… Although the United States has often wavered from that commitment, the tragic events of Sept. 11 compel us to return to it, more today than ever before. Few … coming years will determine how Old Glory is viewed in the future, both at home and abroad. Our flag, like the flag of …
Aurangzeb in a pavilion with courtiers below.

Aurangzeb: Mughal Emperor

… thousands of non-Islamic monuments and temples, and committing genocide.  To some South Asian Muslims, he was an … that the war of succession broke out not after their father died, but when he simply fell ill and continued despite his … predecessors.  When forced to choose between political expediency and religious orthodoxy, politics generally won out. …

Clash in the Caucasus: Georgia, Russia, and the Fate of South Ossetia

… unrecognized until recently by anyone in the international community. It has its own government, though largely staffed … international community—pushed Georgian villagers and soldiers out of the Kodori Gorge. This is part of Abkhazia that … the leaders of federal republics like North Ossetia. The Future This war was a miscalculation by all involved, …
A plume of smoke rising from a neighborhood in Beirut following an Israeli strike in 2006.

Why Israel’s Campaign Will Likely Fail

… see Israel’s response to the capture of three of its soldiers as entirely justified. Why not, they ask, punish those … so today will ensure that Israelis and Lebanese continue to die in vain. Michael H. Creswell is in associate professor …
The Great Mosque of Djenne. This image illustrates the influence of Islam in the region and the building style of the region. Its origins are unknown but it shows the power of the emperors who built this structure that still stands today.

A New View of West African Empires

Review of African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa, by Michael A. Gomez (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018)
… colonial era has been relegated to the periphery of most studies of this period. In African Dominion: A New History of … how interconnected each empire was and how intricate and complex politics were in West Africa during this period. He … history in the African context, Gomez blazes a path for future pre-colonial historians. Interested parties will …
Ronald Reagan toasting at a State Dinner during his presidency.

Behind the Reagan Myths, a Mediocre Presidency

… number of letters that prove he was no dummy. A historian’s complaint, however, is larger than chagrin at the number of … nation to alter its perceptions, values and policies. The comfortable old ways will no longer do. Reagan had an … 1972 National Commission on Population and the American Future, and the 1980 report, Global 2000) had arrived at …

Taiwan's 2008 Elections: A New Direction for the 'Other China'?

… is not quite as large as Massachusetts and Rhode Island combined. It is also the second-most densely populated … against the DPP "with tears in their eyes" because of irrefutable evidence that the DPP has succumbed to the same … and a Leninist party structure in 1924 (the year before Sun died), the KMT under Chiang Kai-shek's leadership ran a …
Pope Leo XIV in the popemobile at his inauguration, 2025.

Faith, History, and the City of God in the 21st Century

… Rome . If  warnings of the imminent rise of superhuman AI come to pass, he may be the last pontiff crowned during the … away from.” Quoting Saint Augustine, he encouraged his audience: “Let us live well and the times will be good. We are … the papacy of Leo XIV may herald the end of an era,  recent commentary celebrates several notable firsts.  Besides being …
A protest for nuclear disarmament

We Cannot Afford to Neglect Nuclear Disarmament

… for new nuclear weaponry. The U.S. refusal to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to eliminate nuclear test … and the United States aren’t on the same page when it comes to dealing with Iran. Great danger also exists in … is an essential first step. Failure to do so leaves future generations exposed to the threat of nuclear …
Women of the Association of Families of the Detained-Disappeared demonstrate in front of La Moneda Palace during the Pinochet military regime.

In Historical Truths, the Road to an Open Society

… were right-wing ideologues who cynically utilized fears of communism to crush opposition to their tyrannical regimes. … that men like Botha and Pinochet tried to erase. Both bodies revealed the atrocities that their perpetrators had … they called for truth. Freedom is not just about the future. It is also about recovering the past. Governments …
Engraving of Robespierre.

The New Species of Terrorism

… With the horrific assault of Sept. 11, “terrorism” has become the new American watchword and scourge. Yet as George … nor anyone else has defined what terrorism is or where it comes from. Doing so may help us to face a frightening … these groups realized that if you live by the car bomb, you die by the car bomb; terrorism could alienate the very …