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President Reagan recites the Pledge of Allegiance with students from a Detroit Catholic school in 1984.

Affirming “Under God” Ruling Is a Higher Form of Patriotism

… covers, official recitals of the God-infused pledge are now forbidden. Unlike last June, when politicians savaged a … evangelical Rev. Billy Graham rose to celebrity denouncing communism as a "satanic religion," while Secretary of State … highest form of patriotism. Historian David Greenberg is a visiting scholar at the American Academy of Arts and …
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt (left) and nature preservationist John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club, on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park. In the background: Upper and lower Yosemite Falls.

Why Today’s Politicians Love Teddy Roosevelt

… of the term “malefactors of great wealth,” Teddy’s label for corrupt corporations and businessmen. Three years later … a Milwaukee auditorium to deliver a speech. True to his combative reputation, he insisted on speaking before going … to be flip-floppers who shift their views according to the latest opinion polls. In such a political climate, it’s no …
Rick Santorum at prayer, 2012

Rick Santorum and Fundamentalist Catholicism

… campaign as a religious crusade and has made no apology for it. Satan is loose in the land, according to Santorum, … in the polls among GOP voters precisely because he is so comfortable mixing politics and religion. He presents a … the kind of bigotry American Catholics have tried to overcome. What may be less familiar is that Santorum’s brand of …
Crowds outside the Bank of United States in New York after its failure in 1931.

Blame It All on Unintended Consequences

… of unintended economic consequences. They can be propitious for growth, or not. Usually they move in different … consequences to explain how individual ambition served the common good. It’s not from the benevolence of the butcher, … unintended consequence of their self interest, mediated by competition, was better and cheaper meat, beer and bread. …
Cygnet, Ohio, in Wood County was a booming oil town with 13 saloons and many workers when this photo was taken in 1885.

An Energy Plan for You!

… Watch out for George W. and his gas and oil pals. They’ve got an … Dwight D. Eisenhower and Republican legislators took unbecomingly large financial contributions from the appreciative … and his gas and oil pals already seem to have persuaded the news media that supply is the problem. We don’t have enough …
 Brigham Young: Pioneer Prophet, by John G. Turner book Cover.

He Led His People Into the Desert

Review of Brigham Young: Pioneer Prophet, by John G. Turner (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012)
Protesters against the an anti-gay marriage amendment on the 2012 election ballot.

The Gay-Marriage Amendment: A Danger to the Constitution

… consider the old Chinese adage, “Be careful what you wish for, because you may get it.” A gay marriage amendment, if … likely have to endure the result regardless of how much we come to regret it. The nation’s constitutional history is … that a wide range of matters from health care to hospital visitation rights to joint filing of income taxes ought to …
Cover of The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History by David Farber.

The Far Right Stuff

Review of The Rise and Fall of Modern Conservatism, by David Farber (Princeton University Press, 2010)
An integrated classroom in Anacostia High School, Washington, D.C., in 1957.

The Unfinished Business of School Desegregation

… The 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education has come and gone. But in celebrating its achievements we have … that myth decade after decade. In New York City, for example, the current generation of parent activists … children to inferior and unequal education. Adina Back, visiting fellow at the New York University Institute for
Lydia Vargo and Teamster with delivery wagon in Toledo, Ohio c. 1920.

The National Park Service Explores the History of Farm Labor in America

… of Chihuahua in northern Mexico migrated to southern California with four young daughters. The family caravanned up … With a sense of betraying la causa, I carried out mom's command. My mother was equally adamant that I was not to … the community to evaluate how best to promote the public's visitation of these landmarks and to educate the young and …
President Woodrow Wilson with his wife, Edith, in June 1920.

Making it into the White House

Review of Fit for the Presidency? Winners, Losers, What-Ifs, and Also-Rans, by Seymour Morris Jr. (Lincoln: Potomac Books, 2017)
… on fifteen candidates who ran between 1788 and 1980. Fit for the Presidency? Winners, Losers, What-Ifs, and Also-Rans … of the presidency itself has changed, making his comparisons something of an apples and oranges exercise.  … Morris claims – evidence? – that RFK was insincere when he “visited burned-out ghettoes to ensure that he would get 90 …
Title page of the first edition of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, 1818.

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

… nineteen, published the gothic novel Frankenstein. It has become a classic of English literature. Title page of the … shortly after being born and her half-sister Fanny Godwin committed suicide, a couple of months later Percy’s wife committed suicide, and just before the publication of the novel Mary gave birth to a …
John Muir, the founder of the Sierra Club.

Conservation — An American, and Republican, Tradition

… as “a sign of personal virtue, but not a sufficient basis for a sound comprehensive energy policy,” he turned his back on a major … to its place in the natural and social world.  Recent news reports of unprecedented levels of electricity … History News Service …
Cover of Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography by M. Hanioğlu.

Kemalism: "The Religion of the Turk"

Review of Ataturk: An Intellectual Biography, by M. Sukru Hanioglu (Princeton. Princeton University Press. 2011)
… both nationally and internationally. The policies of transformation that he introduced carried Turkey into a secular … M. Sukru Hanioglu, who is the Garrett Professor in Foreign Affairs in the Department of Near Eastern Studies at … eighteenth century, ultimately creating the largest seaport for exports in the Balkans and the fourth largest in the …
Cover of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer by Wendell E. Pritchett.

Invisible Man

Review of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer , by Wendell E. Pritchett (University of Chicago Press, 2008)
… campaigning and nationwide discussions on the need for change, the United States elected an African American … the idea of a color-blind America. Media pundits and social commentators nationwide claimed that Obama's election … to achieve more, and how his particular strategy might be revisited to meet the continuing problems of urban decline and …
A U.S. military vehicle crossing the Iraq border in March 2003.

U.S. Credibility at Stake in Iraq

… even more with each day that American and British forces fail to unearth more than circumstantial evidence of … that Iraq was a significant threat to the international community. Why is that? Because, the United States — from … on a war it cannot justify. Christopher Gerteis is a visiting professor of East Asian history at the University …
A rendering of the Battle of Fort Pillow, also known as the Fort Pillow Massacre, which was fought on April 12, 1864 in Tennessee.  It ended with a massacre by Confederate soldiers of at least one hundred surrendered black troops serving the Union, exemplifying one of the Civil War's transgressions of the norms of warfare.

The American Civil War, Then and Now

Review of The War that Forged a Nation: Why the Civil War Still Matters, by James McPherson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
Coming to terms with the American Civil War is no easy task. … about many of the war's other legacies, including a transformed federal government, a shift away from an agricultural … McPherson gives much credit to their agency, he also points out that the primary mechanism of liberation for most …
Ronald Reagan toasting at a State Dinner during his presidency.

Behind the Reagan Myths, a Mediocre Presidency

… number of letters that prove he was no dummy. A historian’s complaint, however, is larger than chagrin at the number of … in America” on which it rested. When he began his run for the presidency in the late 1970s Americans could be said … nation to alter its perceptions, values and policies. The comfortable old ways will no longer do. Reagan had an …
Engraving of Roman plague doctor, Schnabel c.1656.

Quarantino: Plague and the Origins of Social Distancing

… strength and quantity, and are well mixed.” Humoral theory, combined with ignorance of germs, created a situation ripe for unchecked outbreak. Those who cared for the sick—from … “generated such horror that children did not dare to visit their dying parents, nor parents their children, but …
Anti-Christian sign in Federal Plaza Chicago 2008

Slavery, Gay Rights, and the Bible

… Having announced his support for gay marriage, President Obama now faces the wrath of … and equality. For them, slavery and Christianity were incompatible. These contrasting approaches parallel the … Some of the strongest resistance to gay marriage has come from African American ministers who quote scripture as …
The FBI’s finely tuned image as a scientific, fact-driven investigative force, cultivated in images like this, often overshadowed how the Bureau’s priorities on issues such as homosexuality were shaped by popular fears rooted in homophobia.

G-Men, Gays, and Government

Review of Hoover’s War on Gays: Exposing the FBI’s “Sex Deviates” Program, by Douglas M. Charles Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 2015.
… licenses to gay couples represents an example of the often complex relationship between government officials and … was viewed with fear and apprehension by gays and lesbians for much of the twentieth century. With connections, … books about the Bureau, Charles seeks to write the first comprehensive history of the FBI’s policies and actions …