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Map of the Electoral College for the 2024 United States presidential election.

Arguing the Electoral College: Con

… Because of its indeterminacy?  No. Its singular distinction comes from the fact that never before have both the popular … the same as 75 percent can thwart the popular will when one candidate garners the requisite number of electoral … votes in states that are evenly divided while the opponent overwhelming carries his or her states. Election 2000 …
Margaret Gorman, winner of the first Miss America Pageant in 1922.

Beauty Pageants and American Politics

… America Pageant. As early as the 1880s, business owners and community leaders began organizing beauty pageants in … Girls on View in Pageant: 150,000 See Picked Beauties in One-Piece Suits in Atlantic City’s Fall Event.” This “fall … on a television network. Given their tenuous hold on TV audiences, one could argue that beauty pageants harken back to …
The hazards of an enclosed work environment – a typist with cloth mask during the influenza pandemic in 1918.

The Respirator and Cloth Mask

… understandings of how disease is transmitted within the community. As a general rule, respirators function by … humidity of lowland Bengal took a physical toll on the soldiers and officials of the East India Company. Upon … had “the property of making all the air that goes down one’s throat as warm as summer air.” Despite its odd look …
The United States Army Drill Team.

Should the Military Take Charge in Emergencies?

… convictions of our founders. “No standing armies” was one of the rallying cries of the American Revolution. This … of the military later found expression in the Posse Comitatus law of 1878, still in force. Archaic as the title … framers of the U.S. Constitution remembered how British soldiers served as police in 1770. Untrained in police work, …
Polin Museum

A Postcard from Warsaw, Poland: POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews

… in Polish-Jewish history. After years of controversies and compromises, the final product represents the dedicated … murdered between 1939 and 1945, the museum tells the full one thousand year history of Jews in Poland, when Poland was … Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, a professor of performance studies at New York University, who was appointed to as the …
Seal of New York State.

George W. Bush and Indian Land Claims

… Bush claimed that “state law reigns supreme when it comes to Indians, whether it be gambling or any other … is confronted with land claim suits filed by the Cayugas, Oneidas and Senecas precisely because it purchased land … area and, recently, in the death threats issued against the Oneida Indians by a group calling itself the “United States …
Soldiers in Kosovo

Kosovo: The Lessons of History?

… “If our bombs are so ‘smart,’ how come they’re always hitting refugees, hospitals and … my initial enthusiasm for the air war. “So,” asserted one young woman who sports a counterculture image, … the American record during the Holocaust. “We should have done something earlier and not refused to accept boatloads of …
Cover of A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920 by Dorothy Ann Pettit and Janice Bailie.

Before There Was Swine Flu

Review of A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920, by Dorothy A. Pettit and Janice Bailie (Timberlane Books, 2008)
… was upgrading the recent outbreak of H1N1 influenza, more commonly known as "swine flu," to a global pandemic. … relatively mild 1968 outbreak, which still killed nearly one million people worldwide. An even more worrying memory … young adults, those between 18 and 40, were most likely to die of influenza. The greatest strength of this book is the …

Colonizing Mars: Practicing Other Worlds on Earth

… Congress in Adelaide, Australia. Musk spoke about his company's plans for interplanetary travel and his belief in … as a multi-planet species . His proposed first stop: Mars—sooner and cheaper than might be expected. In front of the assembled international audience of space enthusiasts and industry leaders, Musk …
Jiang Zemin

Reframing the Debate on Human Rights in China

… abysmal human rights record. Jiang and other Chinese Communist Party officials countered that Americans are too … than protecting the nation. In the 1940s, as in 1989, a one-party regime used talk of outside conspiracies and … for Americans to make the case for tolerance to Chinese audiences: by stressing how much the official measures now …
In 2014, the debate about the underlying causes of "long, hot summers" remerged with the high-profile police killings of Michael Brown, Tamir Rice, Eric Garner, and others.

Long Hot Summers and Separate Societies

Review of Separate and Unequal: The Kerner Commission and the Unraveling of American Liberalism, by Steven M. Gillon (New York: Basic Books, 2018)
… Do the police reify inequality by targeting low-income communities of color or are they the “thin blue line” … report “the last gasp of 1960s liberalism." Chapters One through Six of Separate and Unequal plum the origins of … telling: Mayor of New York City John Lindsay anchored one pole and businessman Charles “Tex” Thornton the other. …
Nazis at Marienplatz in Munich during the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch.

Hitler’s Beer Hall Putsch and Weimar’s Resolve

… promise to Germany’s working class that stood out as one of the few tangible victories of Weimar democracy, was … of steering a beleaguered nation through these crises. Just one month later, as “vigilante” assassinations and political … nation, Bavaria appointed Gustav Ritter von Kahr as State Commissioner General ( Generalstaatskommissar ), granting …
Mexican flag in a square

A Postcard from Mexico City

… for religious practices, including human sacrifices. If anyone is up for the challenge, you are welcome to climb up the steps. However, you should consider the … the Aztecs to leave their home and look for a new one. They would know the location of their new lands when …
The Industrial Workers of the World poster "Pyramid of Capitalist System" (1911).

Is Greed Good? It Depends on the Times

… financial titans who amassed riches while pushing their companies and the American economy over the cliff. But will … suggest that greed, as Gordon Gekko claimed in Oliver Stone’s film, “Wall Street,” is “good.”   In the current … They view even the arrogant ones, like Donald Trump, as superstars.   America’s gospel of success goes back to the …

The Soviet Collapse

… In 1985, it seemed the Soviet Union would last forever. Its Communist Party rulers held a monopoly on political power. … no possibility that the Soviet Union would change, let alone disappear. Conservative commentators postulated that the … of Eastern Europe —land won by the blood of Soviet soldiers in World War II —as tantamount to treason. They …

当前委内瑞拉危机的历史根源

… “社会使命”( misiones sociales ) 计划,为穷人提供卫生、教育和食品补贴等国家服务。 根据联合国 “人类发展指数”,2006 … 此外,由于外汇管制,私人公司不能进口所需的原材料。由于进口原材料的困难,普利司通(Bridgestone)、克利奥克(Clorox)、通用磨坊(General Mills)等跨国公司已经退出了该国市场。 在 2016 … “社会使命”( misiones sociales ) 计划,为穷人提供卫生、教育和食品补贴等国家服务。 根据联合国 “人类发展指数”,2006 … 此外,由于外汇管制,私人公司不能进口所需的原材料。由于进口原材料的困难,普利司通(Bridgestone)、克利奥克(Clorox)、通用磨坊(General Mills)等跨国公司已经退出了该国市场。 在 2016 …
Collier's 1921 Lincoln Abraham - cabinet meeting.jpg

Lincoln’s and Obama’s Teams of Non-Rivals

… lockstep with him.   Obama’s choices might also inspire comparisons to Abraham Lincoln. By the beginning of … term most of the rivalry and the rivals themselves were gone.   Lincoln’s initial cabinet members either had sought … war, the Union Party. Some simply disliked or distrusted one another. In those cases, personal differences outweighed …
French troops under Charles VIII entering Florence, 1494.

The Blood Behind the Beauty

Review of The Beauty and the Terror: The Italian Renaissance and the Rise of the West, by Catherine Fletcher (New York City: Oxford University Press, 2020)
… Brutal violence is not typically the first thing that comes to mind when observing the artwork of the … this period had emerged, alongside the Low Countries, as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. Increasing … uncommon for military men (whether they be common foot soldiers or officers) to record their own impressions and …

Colombia: Al Borde de la Paz con las FARC?

… Castro y supervisado por el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, Ban-Ki Moon, el presidente de Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos, y el comandante supremo de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de … y el robo. Con el tiempo, las FARC se hizo grandemente dependiente de secuestros como su fuente de ingresos, así como …
Dian Fossey with mountain gorilla.

Dian Fossey: Conservationist in the Mist

… Jane Goodall and Birute Galdikas – three women who would become affectionately known as the “trimates.” Fossey’s … and graduate training in Anthropology, if Fossey was mentioned at all it was only briefly, and the professor quickly … moved on to the less controversial Jane Goodall. Much as one might discuss a relative with an unsavory past, Fossey’s …
Pedro Albizu Campos, noted anti-imperialist, addressing a crowd in 1936

Reframing the American Empire

Review of How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States, by Daniel Immerwahr (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019)
… that charts the shift from a formal empire to an informal one. The book’s first twelve chapters cover the formal … to shape the present. This book is intended for a popular audience, but it has extensive archival work behind it. The … both in and outside of the United States. To write this comprehensive history, the author travelled to Alaska, …