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 SPLM rally in Southern Sudan, 2010. (Image by U.S. Institute of Peace)

Tribal Militias in Sudan

… because SAF leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF commander General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemeti, failed to reach an agreement on the future governance of Sudan and how to integrate the RSF and … where Arabs are in the majority. South Darfur is also the site of the most serious rebellion against the government by …
A tank destroyed during Operation Iraqi Freedom

Why We Should Leave Iraq Now

… in Iraq: the longer we stay, the stronger our enemies become. We cannot defeat either the insurgency or the civil war resulting from our invasion and … to fight, but we may well be training the army of our future enemies. We could have been spared this debacle had …
Holding a copy of ”Selected Works of Mao Zedong," Red Guards are featured on the cover of a Guangxi elementary school textbook, 1971.

"Mao's Last Revolution": China's Cultural Transformation

… into question (substituting “red” for “expert”), it discredited authority political and intellectual, and it … scholars are doing the work of preservation, hoping that future generations may be able to write a people’s history … is but one officially designed Cultural Revolution historic site, a graveyard in the city of Chongqing where Red Guards …
The remains of the crash of TWA Flight 5 in 1931 [Photo from the Kansas Historical Society]

Top Ten Origins: Aviation Disasters that Improved Safety

… body-scan. Airline passengers in the United States have come to expect these kinds of security measures as a guarantee that their flight will be safe, in the … day. Two more days would pass before boats found the crash site. It took two weeks to salvage the wreck. Twenty-nine …
Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger, by Bruce Kuklick book cover.

Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger

Review of Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger, by Bruce Kuklick (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006)
… World War. After listening to his story, I asked him to compare what he knew of Vietnam to his own experiences. His … I interviewed, does not seem to be terribly uncommon. The lesson of Bruce Kuklick's Blind Oracles , however, is that … to respect the contributions of theorists, but to ensure that the experts form opinions with "humility and …
Last Supper By Simon Ushakov, 1685

Reverence and Relics: The Holy Dead in the Pre-Modern Christian World

Review of Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation, by Robert Bartlett (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013)
… were an obvious denominational marker. “Part Two: Dynamics” comprises the bulk of the book. In chapters five through … on feast days, noting that the majority of saints were males of Italian origin. Furthermore, the martyrs were … medieval period. Two chapters on the imagery and literature surrounding the saints explain the final of the three key …

A Century of HIV

… human immune systems, HIV has also allowed tuberculosis to come thundering back as a global health threat and has … trading centers and colonial outposts. Two towns on opposite sides of the Congo River, Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) … early, prominent donor to the Global Fund. The Present and Future of HIV Where global efforts fell short in stemming …
Destruction in San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake.

Another Pearl Harbor? Not by a Longshot

… the disputed 2000 presidential election to the 1991 Los Angeles riots, and even the recent Microsoft antitrust case, … our times. Often what people seek from historians is some assurance that the nation has endured similar episodes of … Still, some have tried. The most irresistible historical comparison is to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on …
An engraving of Earl Cornwallis's surrender to George Washington during the American Revolution.

Hollywood’s American Revolution

… "Everything will change," a stunned General Charles Cornwallis announces toward the end of "The Patriot," … an English folk tune "The World Turned Upside Down" when he surrendered to Washington at Yorktown in 1781. Like the … fire until ranks are broken and desperate hand-to-hand combat ensues. These scenes, realistic and at times surreal, …

A Century of Sanctions

… administration has added more than 1,000 individuals and companies to sanctions lists. The president has gloried in … Economic statecraft—the use of financial or trade pressures to achieve political ends—is likely as old as trade … the seizure of German property in the United States. Future attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer served as the …
Official Program: Woman Suffrage Procession, Washington DC March 3, 1913

I have many things to say (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 2)

… call the Anthony Amendment, and what would eventually become the 19th Amendment. But not for a long time. California … next time on  Prologued . ( music ) Sarah Paxton ( Credits) This season of Prologued was brought to you by  … Oranjudio. Song and band information can be found on our website, and we encourage our listeners to visit episode …
A teacher and her students in an elementary school classroom.

When a Good Public Education Becomes a Constitutional Right

… California has something to offer the nation as it comes to terms with last month’s Supreme Court ruling … California constitution, applying to all children, regardless of race. Under litigation for more than four years, Williams v. California has a surprising political history as well. Gray Davis, who was …
Motorcycle and sidecar with an advertisement for the Popolo d'Italia newspaper.

A Media King Becomes Prime Minister (Again)

… The Italian media mogul, Italy’s richest man, is now the incoming prime minister. How could that not be worrisome for … could compete. And none will be able to in the foreseeable future. How will this vast power be wielded now that … concentrated in political hands can be compatible with the survival of a democratic civic culture. Victoria de Grazia, …
A woman on the outskirts of Kyiv carrying a bucket of apricots

Eating at You: Food and Chernobyl

… of independence. And, for many, knowing where your food comes from, intimately, down to the moisture of the soil, … were ordered to treat their farms as if they were the premises of a nuclear power plant. Chernobyl reactor #4 … the accident is piling up, awaiting a final nuclear storage site. Likewise in limbo, over 100,000 evacuees in temporary …
George W. Bush and Al Gore

Bush v. Gore Twenty-Five Years Later

… call “the law of unintended consequences.” That phrase has come to be understood as a warning that intervention in a … senior posts be filled by the first day of its existence, lest the country’s national security be endangered. That … 2000. It created the possibility that no one would know for sure which candidate had won until January 3, 2001, at the …
electrical towers

Energy, Deregulation and Prosperity

… California out of its energy dilemma and transformed its future. Waterpower once used for gold mining was harnessed … of electric power, also used oil to fuel the ever longer commute to work at jobs that the electric power industry and … which guaranteed delivery of reasonably priced energy. If ensuring prosperity is the goal of Californians and Americans …
President George W. Bush with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley in 2006.

Is Iraq Vietnam?

… know if Prime Minister Nuri Al-Maliki shares this goal. Not surprisingly; since he belongs to a Shiite political party … or at least contain the Viet Cong but could not rally non-Communist South Vietnamese behind it, prompting the United … come to stop sacrificing Iraqi and American lives for a hopeless vision of a unified, democratic and pluralistic Iraq. …
Col C.B. Winders shooting a gun in the 1910s.

Reconstructing the Second Amendment

… shown that most Americans favor stronger gun laws. Indeed, surveys demonstrate that such policies are even supported by … relationship, one of American history’s more bizarre examples of ideological co-dependency, may provide some insights … Amendment does not prohibit robust gun regulation, it compels it. Today’s gun rights ideology is antithetical to …
Person holding sign that reads "Stop Voter Suppression"

From Poll Taxes to Partisan Gerrymandering: Voter Disenfranchisement in the United States

… to include many more citizens since 1776, these gains have come haltingly and unevenly. Even as women gained suffrage, … voter suppression continue to affect electoral outcomes today? Listen in to find out. To learn more about the … Rhodes. Song and band information can be found on our website. You can find our podcasts and more on our website
Refugee tents in Piraeus port.

A Postcard from a Piraeus Refugee Camp

… Greek state, bolstered by the European Union , struggles to deal with this massive influx, humanitarian … prevent refugees from reaching Greece by sea. These new measures drastically reduced the arrival of refugees almost … one day after the author's arrival. ( United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees ) We came to Greece with only a …
Cambodia's Prime Minister Hun Sen in 2012.

War Crimes: The “New Era” Looks Like the Old

… Criminal Tribunal’s legal legitimacy. Bubbling beneath the surface of this dispute is a fundamental clash between the competing claims of national sovereignty and universal human … entered a new era of war crimes accountability, then the rules have been applied selectively. During the 1990s, the …
Poster that says, "Resist," at a Yale University anti-draft rally in 1968.

The Political Costs of Filling the Ranks

… a result, thousands of men openly defied draft laws and welcomed prosecution. And tens of thousands evaded the draft by … Vietnam War showed that resistance within the military is sure to develop, particularly if the war’s objectives are … presidential candidates. All over the Internet — at the web sites for Bring Them Home Now, Military Families Speak Out, …