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… The story of “Western civilization” is familiar: It begins … Mesopotamia, reaches a peak in Greece , which, in turn, was supplanted by Rome . Marching ever westward, Western … or choosing the losing side could be punished harshly, as when Sulla sacked the city in 86 BCE for supporting …

… Does President Bush have the constitutional authority, as he claims, to order the … wartime. Lincoln, confronted with a destructive Civil War, was constitutionally obligated to protect and preserve the … a nation) has a legitimate duty to defend itself when attacked by armed forces either from within or outside …

… Sometime in the next several months, Kosovo is going to receive … exceptions. In Europe, the prohibition on secession was codified in the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, which has been … What’s needed is an agreed set of principles to determine when, and under what conditions, secession should be …

… Who are the Taliban? The question has confounded international … victims. This self-image of righteous victimhood was forged during a pivotal moment of Afghan history, the … power by overthrowing then-President Mohammed Daoud Khan. When PDPA revolutionaries appeared to falter, the Soviet …

… ahead for daylight-saving time note that you're holding the tool Western Europeans used to conquer the world. A … the time to start or stop trading, or go to church. This was a sharp contrast with days marked only by dawn and … and command me to divide my day into bits and pieces, but when I rise, especially with one less hour of sleep, I …

… Fear of cataclysm often numbs. It renders the trembling disoriented and inert, unable to imagine how … later recalled, something suddenly hit her tent and “I was scared, screamed, and woke up Ivan.” As they got up, the … seeking sunshine and life. One has an uncanny feeling when one sees thick giant trees snapped across like twigs, …

… The COVID-19 pandemic has brought widespread changes to the … The American Dream in American History The phrase itself was coined in 1931 by historian James Truslow Adams . Adams … Environmentalists call recent times the Anthropocene Era , when the human species has wrought enormous impacts on …

… The victory of moderate cleric Hassan Rouhani in Iran’s June … after being sworn in as president, Rouhani declared that he was open to direct talks with the United States, while a … in 1953, respectively. Iranians brandished his portrait when they demonstrated against the shah in 1978-79, and they …

… after independence from British colonial rule, Nigeria, the most populous nation in Africa, collapsed into a civil … constructed from the inherited colonial boundaries, was fragile, even untenable. Indeed, most historians would … become the Nigerian Civil War began on January 15, 1966 when a group of military officers, mostly of the Igbo ethnic …

… “We are not flowers to be sacrificed on the altar of profit - we are flames, committed to conquering … to as “ Hiroshima of the chemical industry,” and one was an activist working with the survivors for over two … by combining alpha naphthol with methyl isocyanate (MIC). When the Bhopal factory started its operation, MIC was being …

… The organization created to end war, the League of Nations, … U.S. President Woodrow Wilson (right). The meeting was marked by a most conspicuous absence. One seat at the … 1920, the Senate reopened consideration of the Treaty. But when a second resolution of ratification was put to a vote …

… India is now suffering a massive second wave of COVID-19 and the crisis is spilling into neighboring countries. As Indian … there is also a longer history that helps explain why India was so vulnerable to COVID-19 and to the tragic collapse of … of Indian public health begins in the nineteenth century, when the British imperial government ruled over a sprawling …

… On October 31st more than 135 million voters went to the polls in Brazil to elect their next president. They … Dilma Rousseff of the leftist Worker's Party (PT), who was the hand-picked successor of Brazil's current president, … could borrow on international markets. By September 2002, when a Lula victory seemed likely, fears of default left the …

… The term “Third World” emerged in the 1950s to describe … of The Global Cold War (2005) by Odd Arne Wested, was the Third World properly situated in its Cold War … even as it sought economic resources from the Eastern socialist bloc, and Vanni Pettinà documents a similar …

… “We birthed a nation from nothing. I mean, there was nothing … ignorant. We must call this sort of behavior out when we see it. However, Santorum’s comments point to a much …

… On May 23rd 1951, the "Seventeen Point Agreement of the Central People’s … of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet" was signed. This agreement legitimized claims of the … armed conflict over the borders, most recently in May 2020 when the PLA and the Indian army clashed in the Galwan …

… Illustration of the duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr (1887). … at the 2019 Hamilton Exhibition in Chicago. In 1804, when Burr began a campaign for governor of New York, … representing his faction in the election, his loss was also seen as a humiliation to the party as a whole. …

… Although the Olympics are intended to celebrate unity through sport, … gay games. Homosexuality in Russia Today The controversy was sparked by a new Russian law. In June 2013, the Duma … enables Russian observers to accuse the West of hypocrisy when Western critics attack Russian practice, an accusation …

… In April and May 2019, the world’s largest democracy held elections. More than 540 … the destruction of the Babri Masjid. An anti-Muslim stance was central to this process. Recent events in the state of … to “steal” bits of it. This ideology was clearly expressed when it came to the question of Kashmir. Central …

… Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian-American … dissatisfaction evident today. So we should not be shocked when Russian policymakers take actions against Western interests in the Middle East, or when Russian intellectuals and politicians whip up …

… Writing in Slate in the early days of the Great Pandemic , Daniel Sarewitz … change or environmental poisoning, for instance—COVID-19 was compelling “people everywhere . . . to put their … was never episodic, even though there were moments when science seemed unnervingly supreme—the atomic moment …

… “The man who doesn’t ask his country for even a handful of … in the mountainous Segovia region that borders Honduras, was a stirring nationalist document. In it, he rejected the … they would largely dictate for the next half-century. When the pattern continued in Panama’s war for independence …