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The National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.

With God on Our Side

… God is on our side, President Bush assures us. Speaking at the National Cathedral on September 14, 2001, he declared that America’s “responsibility to history” was to “rid the world of evil.” The service ended with the … he was a man of strong moral convictions. He knew evil when he saw it. “If slavery is not wrong,” he wrote in 1864, …
Women working at a farm at Lamas district in Peru, 2014. (Photo by CIF Action)

Reforming Peruvian Agriculture, Again

… for small farmers who have suffered for generations under the Peruvian systems of exploitative land distribution. In … however, the commission concluded that land redistribution was not the answer. Rather, as its final report stated, the … grow, while the pot remains the same. The moment comes when the [growing] roots no longer fit in the pot; they …
American soldiers land near Algiers

Torch: The Allied Invasion of French North Africa, 1942

… Officially opening a long-awaited second front against the Axis, operation Torch constituted the biggest and most … in world history.  The path to Northwest Africa, however, was never a foregone conclusion. America’s commitment to the … leaders, but with it came the lingering questions of when, where, and how their combined forces would engage …
illustration of people around a fire ring

The Causes and Costs of Barrenness

Review of Infertility in Early Modern England, by Daphna Oren-Magidor (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017)
… book, Daphna Oren-Magidor presents a broad overview of the experience of infertility in England between 1540 and … “regardless of how men were affected by infertility, it was not as central to their identity and the fulfillment of … until the final few sentences in which she claims that when couples failed to produce children they also upset the
This postcard depicts a recreation of the Arbella, the ship that carried John Winthrop and his fellow Puritans to present-day Massachusetts.

From Forgotten Phrase to American Myth

Review of As a City on a Hill: The Story of America’s Most Famous Lay Sermon , by Daniel T. Rodgers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018)
… a City on a Hill.” Depending on your temperament you find the phrase inspirational or empty. Either way you know it … he finds is not very much. “A Model of Christian Charity” was written as part of the political and religious debates … Constitution. Whatever else they thought they were creating when the Founders shaped a constitutional republic, it was
Image of a large turkey on a postcard from the early 1900s.

The First “First Thanksgiving”

… Remember the month of November in kindergarten or first grade? You … the whole thing off with a big slice of pumpkin pie. That was our very first Thanksgiving. Right? Wrong. Virginia … Among others, the Indians who greeted the Pilgrims when they stepped onto Plymouth Rock had long conducted …
Reinforcing Omaha Beach with men and equipment

Remembering D-Day: 10 Important Facts to Know

The Normandy Invasion (PDF File) (June 6, 1944) was the … attack despite the fact the plan was in its advanced stages when he assumed command. During the invasion, the commander …
Power lines.

Blackouts: Symptoms of Our Dependence

… Giuliani’s administration prepares its lawsuit against the giant utility Consolidated Edison for the 19-hour … and rarely caused major damage. In 1950, residents in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah and Montana were affected when a series of power plants in the Pacific Northwest …
A drawing by Italian artist Achille Beltrame imagines Archduke Francis Ferdinand's assassination by Gavrilo Princip

The Assassin’s Shadow: The Beginning of World War I and the Legacy of Gavrilo Princip

On June 28, 1914, one event changed the world.
… On June 28, 1914, one event changed the world. A Bosnian-Serb youth Gavrilo Princip, aged only … motorcade passed by on the streets of Sarajevo. Princip was promptly arrested and imprisoned, where he would die of … masses from Austro-Hungarian oppression and exploitation. Socialist-era Sarajevo memorial site where Gavrilo Princip …
Indian troops in Burma, 1944.

A Forgotten Theater of War

Review of India’s War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia, by Srinath Raghavan New York, NY: Basic Books, 2016
… As India assumes the role of one of the global powers, there has been a … his book as a way to better understand how India shaped and was shaped by the war, using military history, diplomacy, … Indian troops needed vast amounts of equipment at a time when Britain was hard-pressed to outfit its own troops (70). …
Attica

A History of Athens Beyond Decline

Review of Athens After Empire: A History from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian, by Ian Worthington (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020)
President George W. Bush addressing Congress in 2001 with Vice President Dick Cheney and House Speaker Dennis Hastert standing behind him.

Wartime Powers: Lincoln’s Restraint, Bush’s Excess

… Does President Bush have the constitutional authority, as he claims, to order the … wartime. Lincoln, confronted with a destructive Civil War, was constitutionally obligated to protect and preserve the … a nation) has a legitimate duty to defend itself when attacked by armed forces either from within or outside …
Taliban fighters patrol the streets of Kabul in August, 2021.

Who are the Taliban?

… Who are the Taliban? The question has confounded international … victims. This self-image of righteous victimhood was forged during a pivotal moment of Afghan history, the … power by overthrowing then-President Mohammed Daoud Khan. When PDPA revolutionaries appeared to falter, the Soviet …
Kosovo is located to the south of Serbia.

The Perils of Breaking Away

… Sometime in the next several months, Kosovo is going to receive … exceptions. In Europe, the prohibition on secession was codified in the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, which has been … What’s needed is an agreed set of principles to determine when, and under what conditions, secession should be …
The Epsom Clock Tower in the UK.

How Clocks Helped Conquer the World

… ahead for daylight-saving time note that you're holding the tool Western Europeans used to conquer the world. A … the time to start or stop trading, or go to church. This was a sharp contrast with days marked only by dawn and … and command me to divide my day into bits and pieces, but when I rise, especially with one less hour of sleep, I …

The American Dream after COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought widespread changes to theThe American Dream in American History The phrase itself was coined in 1931 by historian James Truslow Adams . Adams … Environmentalists call recent times the Anthropocene Era , when the human species has wrought enormous impacts on …

Viewpoint Iran: The Past and Present of the U.S.-Iran Standoff

The victory of moderate cleric Hassan Rouhani in Iran’s June … after being sworn in as president, Rouhani declared that he was open to direct talks with the United States, while a … in 1953, respectively. Iranians brandished his portrait when they demonstrated against the shah in 1978-79, and they …
A Biafran child suffering the effects of starvation due to the federal blockade during the Nigerian Civil War

“No Victor and No Vanquished” - Fifty Years after the Biafran War

… after independence from British colonial rule, Nigeria, the most populous nation in Africa, collapsed into a civil … constructed from the inherited colonial boundaries, was fragile, even untenable. Indeed, most historians would … become the Nigerian Civil War began on January 15, 1966 when a group of military officers, mostly of the Igbo ethnic …
Exterior view of the Union Carbide pesticide factory in Bhopal, India,

The Bhopal Chemical Gas Disaster

… “We are not flowers to be sacrificed on the altar of profit - we are flames, committed to conquering … to as “ Hiroshima of the chemical industry,” and one was an activist working with the survivors for over two … by combining alpha naphthol with methyl isocyanate. When the Bhopal factory started its operation, MIC was being …
"Where do we go from here?," a 1920 cartoon depicting the League of Nations Covenant and the Treaty of Versailles

The Versailles Treaty Fight

The organization created to end war, the League of Nations, … U.S. President Woodrow Wilson (right). The meeting was marked by a most conspicuous absence. One seat at the … 1920, the Senate reopened consideration of the Treaty. But when a second resolution of ratification was put to a vote …
A COVID-19 antigen testing center in Warora, Maharashtra, India.

The Deep Roots of India’s COVID-19 Crisis

… India is now suffering a massive second wave of COVID-19 and the crisis is spilling into neighboring countries. As Indian … there is also a longer history that helps explain why India was so vulnerable to COVID-19 and to the tragic collapse of … of Indian public health begins in the nineteenth century, when the British imperial government ruled over a sprawling …