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Reinforcing Omaha Beach with men and equipment

Remembering D-Day: 10 Important Facts to Know

The Normandy Invasion (PDF File) (June 6, 1944) was the … attack despite the fact the plan was in its advanced stages when he assumed command. During the invasion, the commander …
Power lines.

Blackouts: Symptoms of Our Dependence

… Giuliani’s administration prepares its lawsuit against the giant utility Consolidated Edison for the 19-hour … and rarely caused major damage. In 1950, residents in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah and Montana were affected when a series of power plants in the Pacific Northwest …
A drawing by Italian artist Achille Beltrame imagines Archduke Francis Ferdinand's assassination by Gavrilo Princip

The Assassin’s Shadow: The Beginning of World War I and the Legacy of Gavrilo Princip

On June 28, 1914, one event changed the world.
… On June 28, 1914, one event changed the world. A Bosnian-Serb youth Gavrilo Princip, aged only … motorcade passed by on the streets of Sarajevo. Princip was promptly arrested and imprisoned, where he would die of … masses from Austro-Hungarian oppression and exploitation. Socialist-era Sarajevo memorial site where Gavrilo Princip …
Indian troops in Burma, 1944.

A Forgotten Theater of War

Review of India’s War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia, by Srinath Raghavan New York, NY: Basic Books, 2016
… As India assumes the role of one of the global powers, there has been a … his book as a way to better understand how India shaped and was shaped by the war, using military history, diplomacy, … Indian troops needed vast amounts of equipment at a time when Britain was hard-pressed to outfit its own troops (70). …
Attica

A History of Athens Beyond Decline

Review of Athens After Empire: A History from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian, by Ian Worthington (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020)
The story of “Western civilization” is familiar: It begins … Mesopotamia, reaches a peak in Greece , which, in turn, was supplanted by Rome . Marching ever westward, Western … or choosing the losing side could be punished harshly, as when Sulla sacked the city in 86 BCE for supporting …
President George W. Bush addressing Congress in 2001 with Vice President Dick Cheney and House Speaker Dennis Hastert standing behind him.

Wartime Powers: Lincoln’s Restraint, Bush’s Excess

… Does President Bush have the constitutional authority, as he claims, to order the … wartime. Lincoln, confronted with a destructive Civil War, was constitutionally obligated to protect and preserve the … a nation) has a legitimate duty to defend itself when attacked by armed forces either from within or outside …
Kosovo is located to the south of Serbia.

The Perils of Breaking Away

… Sometime in the next several months, Kosovo is going to receive … exceptions. In Europe, the prohibition on secession was codified in the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, which has been … What’s needed is an agreed set of principles to determine when, and under what conditions, secession should be …
Taliban fighters patrol the streets of Kabul in August, 2021.

Who are the Taliban?

… Who are the Taliban? The question has confounded international … victims. This self-image of righteous victimhood was forged during a pivotal moment of Afghan history, the … power by overthrowing then-President Mohammed Daoud Khan. When PDPA revolutionaries appeared to falter, the Soviet …
The Epsom Clock Tower in the UK.

How Clocks Helped Conquer the World

… ahead for daylight-saving time note that you're holding the tool Western Europeans used to conquer the world. A … the time to start or stop trading, or go to church. This was a sharp contrast with days marked only by dawn and … and command me to divide my day into bits and pieces, but when I rise, especially with one less hour of sleep, I …
An artist's rendering of the Tunguska event

The 1908 Tunguska Event and the Threats of Tomorrow

… Fear of cataclysm often numbs. It renders the trembling disoriented and inert, unable to imagine how … later recalled, something suddenly hit her tent and “I was scared, screamed, and woke up Ivan.” As they got up, the … seeking sunshine and life. One has an uncanny feeling when one sees thick giant trees snapped across like twigs, …

The American Dream after COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought widespread changes to theThe American Dream in American History The phrase itself was coined in 1931 by historian James Truslow Adams . Adams … Environmentalists call recent times the Anthropocene Era , when the human species has wrought enormous impacts on …

Viewpoint Iran: The Past and Present of the U.S.-Iran Standoff

The victory of moderate cleric Hassan Rouhani in Iran’s June … after being sworn in as president, Rouhani declared that he was open to direct talks with the United States, while a … in 1953, respectively. Iranians brandished his portrait when they demonstrated against the shah in 1978-79, and they …
A scene from the revolution

The People Power Revolution, Philippines 1986

… 22 to 25, 1986, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos gathered on Epifanio de los Santos Avenue to protest President … much of the world—the U.S. government in particular—was perfectly willing to overlook the corruption of the … to begin speculating about the dictator’s successors. When Ferdinand Marcos boldly called for a “snap election” in …
A Biafran child suffering the effects of starvation due to the federal blockade during the Nigerian Civil War

“No Victor and No Vanquished” - Fifty Years after the Biafran War

… after independence from British colonial rule, Nigeria, the most populous nation in Africa, collapsed into a civil … constructed from the inherited colonial boundaries, was fragile, even untenable. Indeed, most historians would … become the Nigerian Civil War began on January 15, 1966 when a group of military officers, mostly of the Igbo ethnic …
Employees operating a testing center at the Walmart Supercenter in Elizabethville, PA, August, 2020.

Licenses to Ill: Health Passes and Surveillance

… A common response to the COVID-19 epidemic worldwide has been rigorous testing … testifying that the person named in the document either was not visibly sick or was arriving from a town not then … We should probably keep this history in mind when considering coronavirus passports today, and be …
"Where do we go from here?," a 1920 cartoon depicting the League of Nations Covenant and the Treaty of Versailles

The Versailles Treaty Fight

The organization created to end war, the League of Nations, … U.S. President Woodrow Wilson (right). The meeting was marked by a most conspicuous absence. One seat at the … 1920, the Senate reopened consideration of the Treaty. But when a second resolution of ratification was put to a vote …
Exterior view of the Union Carbide pesticide factory in Bhopal, India,

The Bhopal Chemical Gas Disaster

… “We are not flowers to be sacrificed on the altar of profit - we are flames, committed to conquering … to as “ Hiroshima of the chemical industry,” and one was an activist working with the survivors for over two … by combining alpha naphthol with methyl isocyanate. When the Bhopal factory started its operation, MIC was being …
A COVID-19 antigen testing center in Warora, Maharashtra, India.

The Deep Roots of India’s COVID-19 Crisis

… India is now suffering a massive second wave of COVID-19 and the crisis is spilling into neighboring countries. As Indian … there is also a longer history that helps explain why India was so vulnerable to COVID-19 and to the tragic collapse of … of Indian public health begins in the nineteenth century, when the British imperial government ruled over a sprawling …

South America’s ‘Sleeping Giant’ Wakes: Brazil’s 2010 Election

… On October 31st more than 135 million voters went to the polls in Brazil to elect their next president. They … Dilma Rousseff of the leftist Worker's Party (PT), who was the hand-picked successor of Brazil's current president, … could borrow on international markets. By September 2002, when a Lula victory seemed likely, fears of default left the
President Carter shakes hands with General Torrijos of Panama after signing the Panama Canal Treaty

The Missing "Third" of the Third World

Review of Latin America and the Global Cold War, by Thomas C. Field, Jr., Stella Krepp, and Vanni Pettinà (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2020)
The term “Third World” emerged in the 1950s to describe … of The Global Cold War (2005) by Odd Arne Wested, was the Third World properly situated in its Cold War … even as it sought economic resources from the Eastern socialist bloc, and Vanni Pettinà documents a similar …

Erasing Indigenous History, Then and Now

… “We birthed a nation from nothing. I mean, there was nothing … ignorant. We must call this sort of behavior out when we see it. However, Santorum’s comments point to a much …
The Ganden Monastery in Lhasa was one of the many victims of bombing during the 1956 uprising. The destruction caused to the monastery is still visible in the ruins.

The Seventeen Point Agreement: China’s Occupation of Tibet

… On May 23rd 1951, the "Seventeen Point Agreement of the Central People’s … of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet" was signed. This agreement legitimized claims of the … armed conflict over the borders, most recently in May 2020 when the PLA and the Indian army clashed in the Galwan …
Illustration of the duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr (1887)

The Hamilton-Burr Duel

… Illustration of the duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr (1887). … at the 2019 Hamilton Exhibition in Chicago. In 1804, when Burr began a campaign for governor of New York, … representing his faction in the election, his loss was also seen as a humiliation to the party as a whole. …

Russia, Gay Rights, and the Sochi Olympics

… Although the Olympics are intended to celebrate unity through sport, … gay games. Homosexuality in Russia Today The controversy was sparked by a new Russian law. In June 2013, the Duma … enables Russian observers to accuse the West of hypocrisy when Western critics attack Russian practice, an accusation …