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The sickle and hammer on a Soviet Union flag from the 1930s.

A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (The New Cold War History)

Review of A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (The New Cold War History) , by Vladislav Zubok (2007, University of North Carolina Press)
… motives and the messianic revolutionary ideals of Russian communism. 2 Originating in Czarist Russia, traditional … the Soviet Union's security. On the other hand, messianic communist ideals, which date back to Bolshevik upheaval of … of cooperation agreed upon at Yalta and Potsdam put the superpowers on a collision course. 5 In 1953 Soviet policy …

Colonizing Mars: Practicing Other Worlds on Earth

… Congress in Adelaide, Australia. Musk spoke about his company's plans for interplanetary travel and his belief in … be expected. In front of the assembled international audience of space enthusiasts and industry leaders, Musk … settlements, and low estimated ticket price stoked his audience’s breathless desire to venture into the cosmos. …
President Bush visiting American troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day, 1990.

Selling Iraq with the Wrong Pitch

… President Bush likes to tell his usually hand-picked audiences that Iraq will become more democratic and prosperous because of America’s … for his policies in Iraq. Most recently he told an audience in Cleveland that Germany and Japan are democracies …
State of Israel Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon, pictured during a defense meeting held at the Pentagon in Washington, District of Columbia (DC).

Is Sharon Following in the Steps of Nixon and de Klerk?

… for this apparent transformation. Sharon is working toward complete Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip, … predicted Sharon to make it even this far. Two historical comparisons spring to mind when one considers the path that … P.W. Botha. Sharon represented the Israeli settler community better than any politician in recent memory. Yet …
Glass negative of Woodrow Wilson from the Library of Congress.

Television Biography: History Lite

… beautifully produced. Vivid photographs and footage were combined with informative and entertaining commentary by leading scholars. Unfortunately, the final … almost single-handedly invent progressivism. Instead, that complex succession of reform efforts began at the turn of …
Pancho Villa and followers.

Mexico’s Great Transition

… taking power.  What ought to be changes of government become changes of regime. Putsches and revolutions substitute … republic. As a result, no doubt the day will soon come when parties in Mexico, like those in the United … happens, opposition politics in Mexico will then have become, as in the United States, a normal part of …
Egyptian Prime Minister Anwar Sadat, U.S. President Jimmy Carter, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin signing the Camp David Peace Accords on September 17, 1978.

Can Sharon Too Become a Peacemaker?

… theme the denunciation of Democrats as being soft on communism, opened up relations with the People’s Republic of … of state, Dean Acheson, ran a “College of Cowardly Communist Containment,” it was Nixon who radically improved … as either the dream of a “tender-minded” idealist or a Communist dupe. The common thread that connects all these …
This stamp features the first stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Concord Hymn."

The “Shot Heard Round the World”: April 19, 1775 and the American Revolutionary War

… Road.” In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson , provided what has become the enduring description of the Revolutionary War when … they would lose the support of other colonists and an audience in England. Massachusetts leaders thus collected … were shooting at them—a problem that has also frustrated soldiers across the world in numerous conflicts in the last two …
Close-up of the mural commemorating works of A.J. Muste on the War Resisters League Building in New York, New York.

"There Is No Way to Peace, Peace Is the Way": A.J. Muste and American Radical Pacifism

Review of American Gandhi: A.J. Muste and the History of Radicalism in the Twentieth Century, by Leilah Danielson (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014)
… and there was always a world that needed redeeming. When he died ten years later, scores of mourners, from New York to … nonconformist left. Historian Leilah Danielson attempts to complete the work that Muste did not. It is most useful to … view, the United States was leveraging its massive military superiority in a racist colonial war to oppress the people …
Photograph of Augusto César Sandino, taken between 1927 and 1934

The Sandino Manifesto and the Birth of the Nicaraguan Revolution

… U.S.-based corporations, most infamously the United Fruit Company, used bribery and other methods to gain the support … Nicaragua Canal and all the revenue and investment such a commercial hub would have generated. Then, in 1909, … Report . Washington, D.C.: The Institute for Policy Studies, 1981. Finzer, Erin S. “Modern Women Intellectuals and …
Lockheed u 2c aircraft Image from Public domain images website

Brandishing Nukes–A Self-Defeating Policy

… translated into action. In the 1950s, President Eisenhower committed the U.S. government to a first-strike nuclear … also used nuclear threats as psychological weapons. When Communist China shelled Taiwan’s outposts on the islands of … “shock and awe.” Ira Chernus is a professor of religious studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and a writer …
Government of National Unity in 2009. Left to right: Arthur Mutambara, Robert Mugabe, Morgan Tsvangirai, and Thabo Mbeki.

A Lesson for South Africa? Zimbabwe’s Path to Multi-Party Rule

… 1965 to official independence in 1980.   Political factors complicated matters. Since the early 1960s, the British … rule, a move that was condemned by the international community. In response, members of the United Nations (UN) … the government was facing. Externally, the international community continued to isolate the colony through economic …
Engraving of Roman plague doctor, Schnabel c.1656.

Quarantino: Plague and the Origins of Social Distancing

… strength and quantity, and are well mixed.” Humoral theory, combined with ignorance of germs, created a situation ripe … get to be sure), or theriac, a syrup made of various ingredients including opium that were aged for up to a decade … unknown or because physicians had not previously studied them, there seemed to be no cure. There was such a fear …
wind turbines

Energy Policy: How is the “Long Transition” from Fossil Fuels Doing?

… over the last four years.  The reasons for that are many, complex, and subject to change in the near and far future.  … Let’s remove one false idea right now:  Public subsidies support both carbon-based and alternative energy industries.  Subsidies for carbon-based fuels have been dropping , according …
A memorial dedicated to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War (1941-45) in Yaroslavl.

From Kulikovo Field to Kursk: Russia’s Forever War

Review of Russia: The Story of War, by Gregory Carleton (Cambridge, MA and London: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2017)
… Further away from the city center, a sprawling memorial complex known as Victory Park pays homage to Russia’s wars … Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin driving out winged Polish soldiers. From their base in Nizhnii Novgorod, Pozharsky and … The Story of War . Carleton, Professor of Russian Studies at Tufts University, sets out to demystify Russia’s …
Anti-Christian sign in Federal Plaza Chicago 2008

Slavery, Gay Rights, and the Bible

… of escaped slaves. Ephesians 6:5 enjoined them to “be obedient to them that are your masters.”   Small wonder, then, … and equality. For them, slavery and Christianity were incompatible. These contrasting approaches parallel the … Some of the strongest resistance to gay marriage has come from African American ministers who quote scripture as …
The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Critique of NATO’s Expansion

… to expand NATO is based on an outdated crusade against communism, a crusade launched against the Soviet Union in … not only unnecessary, it is based on devotion to past anti-communist cliches. In addition, based on the experience of … which France opposes. Since 1991 capitalism has replaced communism in Eastern Europe, but democracy lags behind. The …
Cover of A Strange Stirring The Feminine Mystique and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s by Stephanie Coontz.

A Strange Stirring: The Feminine Mystique and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s

Review of A Strange Stirring: The Feminine Mystique and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s, by Stephanie Coontz (New York: Basic Books, 2011)
… group of white, educated, middle-class women were overcome with a sense of gratitude. Friedan had explained their … have been fascinated with Friedan's life and her, often uncomfortable, involvement in the rebirth of feminist activism … domain. This process culminated in the return of WWII soldiers and the banishment of many married, white women from …
Cover of The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History by David Farber.

The Far Right Stuff

Review of The Rise and Fall of Modern Conservatism, by David Farber (Princeton University Press, 2010)
… a table with friends and fight over.  I mean that as a high compliment, since there are far too many books out there, … clung to notions of family, tradition, and institutional obedience that were alternately nostalgic and retrograde. … Catholic version of family life and institutional obedience onto the nation.  In this sense, Buckley, Schlafly …
Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt from the early 1930s.

The Four Freedoms in the War Against Terrorism

… European fascists, who sought to organize the world into superior and inferior “racial states” to fight … back to the “gunboat diplomacy,” the use of force to accomplish diplomatic goals, associated with the major …