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Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas, United States President George W. Bush, and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon after reading statement to the press during the closing moments of the Red Sea Summit in Aqaba, Jordan, June 4, 2003.

A Flawed Basis for Middle East Peace

… No one should think that all peace agreements lead to an end to … flaw in the Saudi proposal. No political or territorial compromise on the part of Israel, including diplomatic … a result of negotiation, not a list of stipulations which one side must accept or reject. It should involve …
Senator J. William Fulbright in 1966.

Advice from the Past about Yugoslavia

… But reports of “mass graves” and conflict with Russia make one wonder if this is just a pause in the fighting. Will the … and relying on military superiority and instead find common ground with its adversaries. In October 1962 Kennedy … napalm as valiant fighters for freedom.” The U.S. demonized one side in the dispute in Yugoslavia and assumed that it, …
President Lyndon B. Johnson visiting American troops in Vietnam in 1966.

The Ambiguities of “Cut and Run”

… accusations against the Bush administration’s Democratic opponents ought to be answered. What one person sees as “cut and run” might be seen by another … that Eisenhower did the responsible thing when he quickly completed the truce negotiations that ended the fighting in …
President George W. Bush and his wife Laura listening to a Missouri elementary student read aloud to them.

Can Bush Avoid the Curse of Re-election?

… takes the press and the opposition party a full term to become familiar with an administration’s use of executive … power. But when a president wins re-election, his opponents have an opportunity to use that knowledge to … especially if he has abused presidential power. While no one should discount this administration’s political skill …
A pro-union demonstration in Romania, 2009. The flag translates to "Moldova Our Sister"

Moldova and Romania: A Long and Complicated Relationship

… Anderson famously defined nationalism as an “imagined community” binding together a widespread group of people … 1840s, Romanian nationalists portrayed Mihai’s mission as one centered on binding the Romanian nation together.  Of … to give a chance to the Union and National Unity!”, one AUR deputy uses Mihai’s conquests as a historical …
Indian troops in Burma, 1944.

A Forgotten Theater of War

Review of India’s War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia, by Srinath Raghavan New York, NY: Basic Books, 2016
Cover of Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther's World and Legacy by Lyndal Roper.

The Legacy of Luther

Review of Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther’s World and Legacy, by Lyndal Roper (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021)
… The prominent reformer, Martin Luther boasts the most complex legacy of his contemporaries because of how he … exploring the legacy his life produced. Roper is not alone in this push to de-mystify Luther’s life and work. She … League, "Hans Wurst" or Jack Sausage in English. This was one example Roper uses of the frequent “quill fights” Luther …

A Century of U.S. Relations with Iraq

… some five hours later. This departure of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Cavalry Division of the U.S. … in early Iraq was limited. President Woodrow Wilson envisioned a liberal post-World War I political system that would … 1958, when a coalition of Iraqi military officers, disillusioned by the monarchy's subservience to the West and inspired …

Another Silent Spring

… future when “some evil spell” had settled on our communities, when “mysterious maladies swept the flocks of … necessary to feed a burgeoning human population and make money for corporations and farmers. To combat spruce budworm … conferences, immigration, and hospitals. “The People Had Done It Themselves” Eventually, after the first waves of …
Immunization poster from the early 1940s that says, " Immunization: Saves Lives," and shows a child receiving a vaccination.

Voluntary Vaccination: Deciding the Risk of Unknowable Danger

… to run the small risks associated with it, seems a sound one. But does the presumed danger of smallpox justify the … the 1700s, European smallpox epidemics seem to have been comparatively mild, with minimal death rates. But thereafter … smallpox back into Europe about ten times, causing nearly one third of all outbreaks. If health workers are the first …
Khrushchev during his visit to the Agricultural Research Service Center in Maryland.

Khrushchev’s Great American Road Trip

Review of Nikita Khrushchev's Journey into America, by Lawrence J. Nelson and Matthew G. Schoenbachler (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2019)
… September 1959 Nikita Khrushchev, General Secretary of the Communist Party and Premier of the Soviet Union , arrived in … exhaustion of meals, receptions, speeches, and transit from one site to another, is simply delightful. Nelson and … the American system was inherently superior to the Soviet one, so it is hardly surprising that Khrushchev should …
Cover of The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire by Raymond Jonas

When Ethiopia Stunned the World

Review of The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of Empire, by Raymond Jonas (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2011)
… occupied the northern Ethiopian city of Adigrat Menelik summoned his forces and defeated the Italians at the battle of … and, due to a series of blunders by his subordinate commanders, his force was overwhelmed. Aside from numerous casualties, one mission reported roughly 3,600 dead though the exact …
The ship Ile de Sein laying fiber-optic cable off the west coast of Canada, 2007.

From the Transatlantic Telephone to the iPhone

… When was the last time you used a landline phone to make a long-distance call? If you’re like me, it’s … only “ about half of American households had a landline” phone in 2015, down from roughly 90 percent just eleven years … an app (maybe Skype, maybe FaceTime) to unlock portals of communication. Apple’s original iPhone, released in 2007. …
Jiang Zemin

Reframing the Debate on Human Rights in China

… abysmal human rights record. Jiang and other Chinese Communist Party officials countered that Americans are too … than protecting the nation. In the 1940s, as in 1989, a one-party regime used talk of outside conspiracies and … now being used against Falun Gong members resemble the ones that the Nationalists employed in the 1940s against …
Illustration of Agnes Sampson speaking to the Devil in human form. From The History of Witches and Wizards (1720).

The Execution of Agnes Sampson for Witchcraft in Edinburgh

… help when confronted with life’s more trying circumstances. One was the local priest, who was unlikely to offer more … “North Berwick Witches” tried with her is exceptionally complex, involving politics, religion, magic, and conspiracy … James I, where he established the Stuart monarchy, commissioned the King James Bible, wrote an important treatise of …
Harry Beck’s London Underground Railway map, designed in 1931 and released to the public in 1933.

All Aboard!: A Train Ride through the British Twentieth Century in 100 Maps

Review of A History of the Twentieth Century in 100 Maps, by Tim Bryars and Tom Harper (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2014)
… Welcome aboard the train, British History ! In preparation for … is in tip-top condition and bravely chugging into World War One . The taste of victory is especially sweet, considering … or witness the royal coronation of George VI in 1937. Nonetheless, please remain seated otherwise, specifically …
The Dalai Lama during a visit to Boston, Massachusetts in 2017.

An Effective American Policy on Tibet?

… States on Oct. 26 he has been dogged by demonstrators. None of them have been more strident and belligerent than … Tibet. They demand that President Clinton act forcefully to compel China to change its policies toward Tibet. This … with pragmatic foreign relations. Protesters are not alone. With little understanding of Tibetan history and …
The United Nations Office at Geneva (Switzerland) is the second biggest UN centre, after the United Nations Headquarters (New York City).

The U.N. may be dysfunctional, but it’s the kind of dysfunction that its founders intended

… would serve merely as an explicit reminder of the U.N.'s incompetence.   An examination of the situation with an eye to … real change in the global security environment.    If one is to trust the words of the U.N.'s architects, the … to make a difference on the world stage.    Disarmament is one of those issues that too many lesser states like North …
Image of Adonis on a red-figure squat lekythos.

Easter: A Season of Renewal

… in time, their shamans painted and chiseled images on stone, petitioning their spirits for fertility and abundance. … Hills, in Asia Minor, believed that their god Attis, who committed suicide when frustrated in love, returned to life … too, believed that their god Osiris, slain by Set, the Evil One, returned to life in the spring. Perhaps those …
 A depiction of the burning of Louisa Mabree, a French midwife and convicted witch, in a cage filled with black cats

The Rise of Freethinkers

Review of The Decline of Magic: Britain in the Enlightenment , by Michael Hunter (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2020)
… Catholic worldview to a new and radical Protestant one. This shift disenchanted the world and separated the … of magic. Belief in magic and magical occurrences was commonplace before the Reformation and persisted long after … is mainly concerned with how Wagstaffe’s book predicts the tone of early eighteenth-century Deists rather than reflects …
Film poster for Pather Panchali (1955).

Top Ten Origins: From Bollywood to Indywood

… Multilingualism in India is as common as daylight. India recognizes 22 official languages … Indian film industry beyond Bollywood is. My top 10 list is one that celebrates regional cinema made in vernacular … Shome 's titular protagonist (played by Utpal Dutt) is a lonely widower, a proud old man and strict disciplinarian. …
Ellis Island, New York City.

Hiding Behind Reform

… of which are apparent in the ProjectUSA campaign: First, opponents make a mythological distinction between present-day immigration and the flood of newcomers who came in the past. ProjectUSA’s website is … downright hostile, to the idea of continued immigration. One of the surest signs of Americanization, today and more …