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… to elevate them to an esteemed position in the eyes of competing Oxbridge scientists, derisive Anglican clergy, and … secured a charter by order of King Charles II in 1662 that officially made them "The Royal Society of London," labeled … tradition and embraced modern scientific inquiry: take no one’s word for it. Gresham College as it appeared before it …

… an international tribunal. The date is an essential milestone in the development of criminal responsibility imposed by the international community for the commission of mass atrocities. Yet, … 1948 and it entered into legal force in 1951 after the requisite number of states signed on. The United Nations General …

… for their own survival.  The chemicals that Carson questioned—DDT, 2,4-D, Heptachlor, among others—gained widespread … on chemical over-use. While the public, USDA, chemical companies , and farmers embraced pesticides with a fervor one historian has compared to a love story, a growing number …

… to which men will go to take it away from them, and to the complicated politics of one’s immortal soul. Director Josie Rourke reminds the … constantly looms over a Catholic Mary, threatening her throne and her life. This threat ties directly to Mary’s sister …

… expanded legal jurisdiction of the United Nations. “Enemy combatants” captured in the “war on terrorism” are to be … the Quirin (1942) and Yamashita (1946) cases. There is only one problem: these precedents are not worth following. The … behind the conviction. Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone wrote that the military tribunals were “not courts whose …

… United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in 2002 has done little to halt the controversy . It may have reduced the … changing sexual mores since the 1960s. Occasionally, commentators have referred to an insular institutional … air confessional from the Netherlands in 1740 ( right ). Official guidelines sought to curtail the risk that these …

… by failing to address the problems in Russian society that compelled the radicals to violence, Russian leaders … Jewish settlements the previous month.   Although Irgun phoned in a warning, managers were unable to clear the … in which the terrorists murdered all nine hostages and one German policeman was killed by stray gunfire.  The …

… Dwight D. Eisenhower and Republican legislators took unbecomingly large financial contributions from the appreciative … a lobbyist in front of the White House with a barrelful of money, confronted by an elephant angrily shouting: “I’ve told … into the early 1990s. The 1970s energy crises — anyone over forty remembers the gas lines and swollen electric …

… The reality of the Islamic kingdoms in Iberia was far more complex. Castilian ambassadors attempt to ally themselves … queens, owing to intermarriage with the native population. One Christian ruler even dyed his beard black to conform to … caliphate, though rich and powerful, was toppled in just one century. Cracks in Umayyad rule also threatened the …

… the American military stretched to unprecedented limits, one of the most pressing questions in the presidential … a result, thousands of men openly defied draft laws and welcomed prosecution. And tens of thousands evaded the draft by … presidential candidates. All over the Internet — at the web sites for Bring Them Home Now, Military Families Speak Out, …

… of “violence.” Pekka Hämäläinen made an argument that the Comanche past constituted an “empire.” Benjamin Madley, … was not historically (nor is there in the present day) one overarching Apache ‘tribe’ or nation.” Despite this … familiar with ‘Chiricahua’ as a cover term for Chihene, Chokonen, Nedni, and Bedonkohe Apaches, I follow recent …

… identifies two court decisions as catalysts for the events. One is Judge Joyce Karlin’s minor sentence, which included … distraught business owners next to coverage of families and communities reeling from extrajudicial violence runs … damage with human bodily suffering or loss of life. While one may empathize with small business owners who watched …

… Now that Ford Motor Company has announced its “Way Forward” restructuring plan, … William Clay Ford, Jr., finally stop its growing losses in money, market share and respect? Probably, but it won’t be … saving considerable money, space and labor. Even JIT’s official creator, Taiichi Ohno, acknowledged that he had …

… Apple Computer, Inc. has opened an ambitious, brilliant … probably will and should win some awards, but it strikes one false note for those who know the history of the 20th … to play with the fantasy of having him return to lead one last Satyagraha with the Microserfs against the new …

… One hundred years ago this month, American movie-going … a “Black Empire” in the broken south. Protagonist Austin Stoneman’s mixed-race housekeeper, Lydia Brown, is a temptress … dominance. An actor wears an authentic Confederate jacket, one of the surplus uniforms still available in 1915. While …

… enact this substantial change to Title I. This 35-year-old compensatory education legislation has failed to reach its … federal aid to public education. Traditionally, at least one of the two major political parties has adhered to an … being threatened by “a rising tide of mediocrity.” In his official remarks on the report, Reagan pinned the blame for …

… and mechanical innovation, and China had already pioneered steel making and gunpowder. Yet by the 15th century … never set. How did these backward ninth-century Europeans accomplish all this? The obvious answer is "science and technology," but there is a more specific answer — one that warms my engineer's heart — and that is numbers. Or …

… in Kyiv,  December 2013 The year 2014 will no doubt become a caesura, a line dividing Ukraine’s history into … that, though, 2014 erects a wall between supporters and opponents of Maidan . In other words, we find ourselves in a … decided to commit suicide if they heard the “rap.” But no one knocked on their door. And in 1945-46, Karl Jaspers …

… State pushes for multilateral diplomacy. When retired officials elbow their way into such a conflict, only more … Week” on Sept. 1, Brzezinski used the same techniques he honed during his term as the national security adviser in the … as the voice of prudence, the realpolitik strategic thinker compelled to inform the naive, idealistic newcomers from the …

… emerged as a spokesperson for a diverse global movement to combat the climate crisis following a spate of … In fact, the Sierra Club coffee table book The Place No One Knew: Glen Canyon in the Colorado , with photographs by … Vladimir Lenin. One Georgia politician sent telegrams to officials across the state warning that Earth Day might be a …

… pregnant chads. An army of lawyers invaded Florida, but none is brandishing automatic weapons, in stark contrast to … but New York and Virginia remained undecided. Opponents in the New York convention had adjourned without a … to 79. Had Henry chosen to fight, Mason's fears might have come true. The infant nation was fragile. In Massachusetts, …

… the charge went, this crime against the past was being committed by leftist academics out of touch with their … and Records Commission, decided late in 1996, by a one-vote margin, to downgrade its support of the continuing … reverse priorities is another matter. The commission has done so without having conclusively demonstrated that the …

… in the quality of American presidential leadership than comparison of John F. Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban … with nuclear war, he clung to American ideals, violating no one’s rights. He placed some restrictions on the press but … capture of Saddam Hussein, they have failed to realize that one triumph such as Hussein’s apprehension could be …

… civil rights workers intentionally created national discomfort in cities, north as well as south, throughout the … the great revolutionary hope that human beings might one day live in a world of individuality, mutuality and … vitriolic, scornful and violent. These responses were sanctioned by law and held in place by custom. It is sad to …