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Dmitri Karakozov before his execution, graphite drawing by Ilya Repin in 1866

Crime and Punishment 150 Years Later

… it was being spoken about by fans of literature, who often complained about the stifling power of the novel and the … Raskolnikov were “the purest absurdity.” But others immediately began to see coincidence with current events. … and publication of his tremendously successful novel—almost as much by his fear of government reprisals as by his …
Refugees eating lunch outside the barracks.

Waiting in Limbo: Life as a Refugee in Serbia

… Swat, Pakistan, where he was pursuing a graduate degree in computer engineering. He left seven months ago because he … Europe for years, but what used to be a short-term campsite has become a semi-permanent residence for many who have … is the closest Serbian city to the Horgos border crossing, most refugees can be found 125 miles south in Belgrade. In …
The Works Progress Administration employed some Spanish-Americans from New Mexico, as seen here, to work in road gangs.

When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America

Review of When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America , by Ira Katznelson (W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2005), preface, appendix, index, 238 pp.
… in World War II, blacks experienced segregation in the armed forces. In the years that followed the war this exclusion resulted in a cruel catch-22, as most African Americans were denied access to the resources … When Affirmative Action Was White concludes with the recommendation that contemporary American policymakers deal …
Cover of Faustian Bargain: The Soviet-German Partnership and the Origins of the Second World War by Ian Ona Johnson.

The Soviet-German Exchange: Beyond Ideology and Opportunism

Review of Faustian Bargain: The Soviet-German Partnership and the Origins of the Second World War, by Ian Ona Johnson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021)
… it when Nazi Germany set its sights on Eastern Europe. The most critical questions asked by Johnson concern how these … order and provide readers bite-sized analyses of complex political, social, and military affairs. For … component of Soviet-German cooperation stands out as its most significant element. Johnson’s work emphasizes this …

Canada’s Dark Side: Indigenous Peoples and Canada’s 150th Celebration

… Project ]. Canada’s Houses of Parliament (its House of Commons and the Senate chambers) sit on the unceded … in the cases of Newfoundland and Nunavut) and until the most recent additions, several groups were excluded from … 2018. Indeed, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation’s website “ Beyond 94 ” that tracks which of the recommendations …
State of War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1945-2011, by Paul A. C. Koistinen Book Cover.

The Anatomy of the Military-Industrial Complex

Review of State of War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1945-2011, by Paul A. C. Koistinen (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2012)
… Paul Koistinen in his new book State of War can be summed up in the following data point: twenty years after the … to the nation he coined the phrase "military-industrial complex." Eisenhower used that address to issue a warning to … Washington Rules , in highlighting the MIC as the most important continuity in American life. With the …

The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Ghosts of Ned Ludd

… in eighteenth-century Britain. Electrification and telecommunications , led by nineteenth-century American … and early-nineteenth-century Britain and meet a man named Ned Ludd. You might remember him as the legendary … in rural England, where the impact of mechanization was most keenly felt, and attempts at unionization were …
Barry Faulkner's mural, "The Constitution," depicts the framers of the U.S. Constitution.

Term Limits: Thank Goodness We Didn’t Have Them in 1787

… of term limitations has been the idea that those who framed the U.S. Constitution in 1787 did not expect government … career began in 1775, when he was elected to the local committee of safety and then to the Virginia Convention, … office in 1817 at age 67 after his two terms as president. Most of the other founders were equally long-term …
Waiting for a Chinook, by C.M. Russell. Overgrazing and harsh winters were factors that brought an end to the age of the Open Range.

Dot-Coms and the Great Cattle Die-Off

… reward for reasonable risk. We're talking about the dot-com industries of the '90s, aren't we? Not this time. We're … based on common sense, whether their subjects be web sites or cattle herds. The great market crash of Old West … shocked imprudent investors. Some of the largest and most famous operations went broke. Theodore Roosevelt may …
Photo of Ernest Hemingway smiling.

The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles

Review of The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles, by Stephen Koch (New York: Counterpoint, 2005)
… spread to the Spanish conflict. Robles went to his death a committed Stalinist, but to shroud the reality of the … Dos Passos received a double blow. Not only was he informed of the loss of his close friend Jose, he was victim to … of Dos Passos is the climax of the book. It is also the most well written portion, as it rises to the emotional …
US Senator Mitt Romney of Utah.

The “Wall of Separation” Has Preserved Religion — Including Mormonism

… of this declension are always vague – notice the unnamed “they” of Romney’s speech – but the cause is always some … to the world that people of any religious faith would be welcome. To Penn we owe our freedom of religion. Penn was a … precipitating the so-called Utah war. Buchanan, like most Americans, found the Mormon practice of polygamy to be …
Mather Brown's portrait of Thomas Jefferson.

Joe McCarthy Rides Again

… and now rests in Sen. Joe Lieberman's Homeland Security Committee. Swift Senate passage appears certain. Not since … Jefferson's Declaration of Independence not only proclaimed the right to dissent but declared it a people's duty, … response to criticism regarding torture, that it can't be trusted to honor those rights. Unless the public applies …
Aerial view of Hiroshima before the bombing

Bombing Hiroshima

… its efforts to build atomic bombs after a series of shortcomings and failures convinced its government to focus on a … was incompatible with the Americans' haste to end the war. Most Japanese leaders recognized that their cause was lost … Istukushima Shrine which is both a UNESCO "World Heritage Site" and less than 30 kilometers from downtown Hiroshima. …
Cover of The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union by Serhii Plokhy

"The Greatest Geopolitical Catastrophe of the Century"

Review of The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union, by Serhii Plokhy (New York: Basic Books, 2014)
… to declare independence ensured that the Soviet Union had become an irrelevancy and its dissolution had become an … ethnicity did not dominate the discussion at that moment, most political decisions were contingent on realities shaped … In lieu of the treaty, Yeltsin’s Russians merely assumed rights ascribed in it. Gorbachev continued to fight for …
Rural school children looking at a globe in 1943.

The Debate That Won’t Die

… hibernation. The return of the problem today has been accompanied by its earlier logic. There is a striking … the taxpayers desire taught,” William Jennings Bryan, the most recognized of the creationist leaders, announced in … and a writer for the History News Service. He is author, most recently, of "Henry Steele Commager." …
Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger, by Bruce Kuklick book cover.

Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger

Review of Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger, by Bruce Kuklick (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006)
… World War. After listening to his story, I asked him to compare what he knew of Vietnam to his own experiences. His … foreign policy scholars, who were mostly historians and political scientists; and … their theories out of self-interest. Those who had been most responsible for decision making now pointed to …
Medical examination photo of Gordon showing his scourged back, widely distributed by Abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery. From at least the 1860s onwards, photography was a powerful tool in the abolitionist movement.

Can Reparations Heal the Wounds of Slavery?

… elsewhere indicate that the slavery lawsuit could become an invaluable tool for bridging the racial divide in … by the abhorrent practice of slavery.   True, two of the most famous historical cases of reparations – … system, and perhaps even reaches the stage of exploring remedies, public discussion is likely to provide momentum for …
Two baseballs.

Why Dick Allen Never Reached the Hall

… of the Year Award as well as the 1972 American League Most Valuable Player Award. His lifetime batting average of … career home runs and his 1,119 RBIs place him in the same company as such Hall of Famers as Yogi Berra, Roy … many of his black teammates. But the Philadelphia fans blamed Allen for the incident. They booed him every night, …
Cover of Conspirator: Lenin in Exile by Helen Rappaport.

Conspirator: Lenin in Exile

Review of Conspirator: Lenin in Exile, by Helen Rappaport (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2010)
… Tsar Alexander III.  Three young members of the self-proclaimed "Terrorist Section" of the People's Will ( Narodnaya … account of the formative years of one of the 20th century's most seminal figures.  Rappaport's narrative can be divided …
In this 1805 painting, the artist imagines American planter and Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins teaching Creeks to use a plow on his Georgia plantation.

Reflecting on Justice 200 Years after the Creek Civil War

… bring the war to the end that the Anglo-American leaders deemed correct. Today, the anniversary of the Creek War (or Red … allows us to reflect on such important ideas as justice, communal violence, and political legitimacy. Like any civil … people in 1813-14 stemmed from multiple causes. And like most civil war violence, that of the Creek War manifested …
A traditional glass of Weissbier

Keeping Beer “Pure”: The 1516 Reinheitsgebot

… the 500-year anniversary of a decree that became the famed German Reinheitsgebot, or beer purity law. Originally a … the price of beer per Maß (a Bavarian liter) and to limit competition for cereal grains used to bake bread. A … brewery in Germany. Still, just a few blocks away from the site of Munich’s famous Oktoberfest beer festival, Sead …
Integrated classroom in 1955.

The Long-Term Legacies of Brown v. Board

… multi-cultural society. Ironically, re-segregation has become prevalent in some school districts while at the … white students attend multi-racial schools. Segregation is most severe in the nation’s largest cities and the suburban … C. Kashatus's is a writer for the History News Service. His most recent book is "Money Pitcher: The Tragedy of Indian …
Glacial melt from Myrdalsjökull glacier in the south (jökull means glacier in Icelandic). Note the alluvial cones formed by volcanic ash and sediment.

A Postcard from Reykjavik: Iceland’s Volcanic History

… been interwoven with human history. Although the data are incomplete, over 170 volcanic eruptions have been recorded in … death of over half of the island’s livestock, and caused almost a quarter of Iceland’s population to perish. You didn’t … doubled between 2000 and 2010, when half a million people visited the island. At this rate, Iceland’s Tourism Board …