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A Marine Corps M1 Abrams tank patrols a Baghdad street after its fall in 2003 during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Who Will Pay for Iraq and When?

… of taxing citizens. Lotteries, an essential source of income for 42 states today, helped pay for the Revolutionary War. The income tax first surfaced in the United States to pay the huge … immediate war costs. In the case of Iraq, instead of raising taxes to pay for the war, the current Bush …
Top view of engineer at desk with laptop, hardhat, and blueprints

Origins interviews the American Society of Civil Engineers

… Tom Smith   Sure. And by the way, the next report card will come out in 2017. What we do is we look at 16 categories of … you know, just how bad some of our infrastructure has become? Tom Smith   Well, you know, in general, I'll just … to transportation, we've been a big advocate of increasing the the gas tax as a sustainable, financial way to do …
Cover of Sexual Injustice Supreme Court Decisions from Griswold to Roe by Marc Stein.

The Sexual Revolution that Wasn’t Quite

Review of Sexual Injustice: Supreme Court Decisions from Griswold to Roe, by Marc Stein (University of North Carolina Press)
… Instead, the holding is evidence of a much more tenuous commitment to a liberal sexually revolutionizing agenda.  The Court's commitment, Stein argues, was to a specific, fairly narrow, … context for their characteristics rather than conduct.  Since Boutilier was fundamentally an immigration case, the …
"The Bosses of the Senate" (1889). Reformers like the cartoonist Joseph Keppler depicted the Senate as controlled by the giant moneybags, who represented the nation's financial trusts and monopolies.

The Dreary Science Meets Politics

… They have imagined that era as a golden age of free-market competition and laissez-faire government.  Many of these … in the economy.  It did so, however, on behalf of big business.  Take just a few examples: Railroads were among the … So it is today in our new Gilded Age. Banks and mortgage companies, which lobbied to have regulations in their …
King Capital, caricature by the Slovenian graphic artist and illustrator Hinko Smrekar (first half of the 20th century).

Why Business Loves Laissez Faire

… They have imagined that era as a golden age of free-market competition and laissez-faire government.  Many of these … in the economy.  It did so, however, on behalf of big business.  Take just a few examples: Railroads were among the … So it is today in our new Gilded Age. Banks and mortgage companies, which lobbied to have regulations in their …
Egyptian Prime Minister Anwar Sadat, U.S. President Jimmy Carter, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin signing the Camp David Peace Accords on September 17, 1978.

Can Sharon Too Become a Peacemaker?

… theme the denunciation of Democrats as being soft on communism, opened up relations with the People’s Republic of … of state, Dean Acheson, ran a “College of Cowardly Communist Containment,” it was Nixon who radically improved … and Shatila refugee camps in 1982, is at least as unpromising as Nixon’s and Begin’s were when they came to power. …
Space Shuttle Columbia launching

Can We Boldly Go There Any More?

… home the morning of Feb. 1 as the space shuttle Columbia disintegrated while reentering the earth’s atmosphere. The second fact will be relearned in the coming weeks as we emerge from our shock at this tragedy and … the human condition. After previous failures, NASA created committees to discover why they occurred. These studies …
Ludwig van Beethoven in front of sheet music from his first symphony.

Beethoven’s First Symphony

… the aristocracy-based patronage system, which had sustained composers for generations.  Now, middle-class audiences … on the piano to an admiring public, and published several compositions. Among these were his four-movement piano trios … ways.  Critics reacted cordially to the new work. But since that night in 1800, several have reevaluated the First …
Entrance gate of Auschwitz Concentration Camp, "Work Sets You Free," 2013

At the Movies: “Canaries,” A Review of Denial

… of the sort espoused by Richard Rorty. The maneuver is a common one from the perspective of positivism. In The … monstrous infamy that is antisemitism. But it is useless, completely useless.” However, Lipstadt stops short of … through the film. As she runs past a sandwich board advertising a newspaper’s summation of the verdict—“he …
American Jewish Loss after the Holocaust, by Laura Levitt Book Cover

American Jewish Loss after the Holocaust

Review of American Jewish Loss after the Holocaust, by Laura Levitt (New York: New York University Press, 2007)
… to describe the legacy of loss. Although the Holocaust has come to be widely commemorated in the United States, and around the world, its … scholarly analysis results in a work that is nuanced and sincere. As she intended, it is an open-ended study that …
 In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement, by Michael Lienesch Book Cover.

In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement

Review of In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement, by Michael Lienesch (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2007)
… religious liberals were corrupting the Christian faith by insinuating that the Bible was nothing more than a collection … for those unfamiliar with such theory. Lienesch's comparisons of the antievolution movement to other social … the Scopes trials than the past seventy-five years combined. Given the plethora of books on Scopes, including …

Punishing the Past: Presidential Elections in Times of Crisis (1932, 1968, 2008)

… that dream, ushering in a golden future. Nothing surprising in that. Political campaigns are usually cast in the … for the political party whose policies promise the best outcome. But if we had any way to make such calculations—if we … a more minimal notion of what politicians and parties can accomplish, and what they ought to be accountable for. The …
A drawing by Italian artist Achille Beltrame imagines Archduke Francis Ferdinand's assassination by Gavrilo Princip

The Assassin’s Shadow: The Beginning of World War I and the Legacy of Gavrilo Princip

On June 28, 1914, one event changed the world.
… he would die of tuberculosis in 1918. But while the assassin’s fate was settled quickly, the deaths of his prey were … lives and change the face of the planet for generations to come. Gavrilo Princip Legend tells that shortly before his … II Yugoslavia, he came to embody the values of socialism, becoming a people’s hero of anti-imperialism who had liberated …
J.P. Morgan

Time (Yet Again) for Preventative Regulation

… landscape and lexicon. This trend has left ever more complex financial markets and multinationals to operate in … build a support package for several nearly insolvent trust companies. This effort quelled market panic and made Morgan … developing philosophy of regulating financial markets and businesses. As in 2008, that election pivoted on the issue of …
President Reagan recites the Pledge of Allegiance with students from a Detroit Catholic school in 1984.

Affirming “Under God” Ruling Is a Higher Form of Patriotism

… Written in 1892 by the socialist Francis Bellamy, a cousin of the radical writer Edward Bellamy, it omitted … evangelical Rev. Billy Graham rose to celebrity denouncing communism as a "satanic religion," while Secretary of State … "under God" was inserted for the express purpose of endorsing religion. And that, according to the U.S. Supreme …
Image of a junior high school classroom from Harris & Ewing Photographs.

An Historic Opportunity in Education

… enact this substantial change to Title I. This 35-year-old compensatory education legislation has failed to reach its goal of closing the achievement gap between poor and minority students … that would improve public schools. Rep. Caleb R. Layton’s comments during a debate in 1922 on a proposal to combat …
NASA marks Earth Day’s 50th anniversary.

“Give Earth a Chance”: Earth Day and the Politics of Modern Environmentalism

… emerged as a spokesperson for a diverse global movement to combat the climate crisis following a spate of … into a Global Climate Strike to protest government and business inaction. Organized with the help of 350.org , a … pesticides and toxic chemicals, overpopulation, nuclear fallout , the excesses of corporate expansion, and an …
Cover of The Aryan Jesus: Christian Theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany by Susannah Heschel.

God for Nazis

Review of The Aryan Jesus: Christian Theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany , by Susannah Heschel (Princeton University Press, 2008)
… Nazi anti Semitism and racial ideology required one to overcome a number of intellectual hurdles. How could one accept … but are generally held in contempt. Susannah Heschel sincerely wants this to be a controversial book that will … weight to the propaganda of the Institute; propaganda coming from the pulpit calls forth far deeper resonance than …
Florida Supreme Court during the 2000 presidential election recount.

Disputed Elections: An American Tradition

… contested elections was normally the first order of business in every new term, both in Virginia and in other … to contested elections. When elections were questioned, common sense, rather than adherence to technicality, … and wrong initials of first names and last names were commonplace. Rather than throw out the ballots, as electoral …