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… had obtained independence. Morton tracks major individuals, companies, and governments taking part in the search for commercially viable oil sources as well as the negotiation … of oil concessions between local powers and major oil companies (oil majors) such as Anglo-Iranian (later BP), …

… ban against it is traditionally based on the words of a medieval German rabbi and remains restricted to Jews resident … so that all Jews could go back to biblical ways. The Ten Commandments are mute about gay marriage. Males in a … To oppose the Massachusetts court ruling, the Bishop of Boston has twisted the Sixth Commandment — against …

… had literate, talented, industrially and technologically competent populations, a huge help in building a modern … officials today talk of a one- or possibly two-year commitment in Iraq. After World War II the vanquished … that we do. So even if, theoretically, we could build the complex infrastructure needed for democracy and the …

… mountain views, Oaxaca City also offers vistas of Mexico's complex history. In 1521, Hernán Cortés sent Captain José … Mill). Oaxaca's rugged terrain means that many indigenous communities remain isolated: roughly 50% of the state’s … ns consume chocolate in beverage form.  Chapulines  (grasshoppers) are considered delicacies, and are found in  …

… as the voice of prudence, the realpolitik strategic thinker compelled to inform the naive, idealistic newcomers from the South about national interests and … conduct ignorant and misplaced. Instead of opposing the commander in chief directly, Brzezinski cited administrative …

… the country at the cost of approximately 155 U.S. soldiers killed. Yet, despite this initial military success, … with a willful misleading of the public, and a war that committed a democratic nation’s armed forces to a … In the coming years, another photograph of a U.S. soldier, Lynndie England, giving a thumbs-up of her own next to …

… year from about late June through early November at the Soldiers’ Home, an institution for disabled military veterans … view of wartime Washington. On most mornings, Lincoln commuted into the city, but during hot summer months his pace slackened noticeably. The Soldiers’ Home provided the president and his family with a …

… industrial power in the Railroad Age. Like so many complex cases decided under that statute, this one will take … modern conditions. But the procedures of the act, which commit antitrust decisions to the judiciary and the … most closely analogous cases, but of what is best for the future of the nation. This last difficulty is mitigated …

… John Ashcroft asks for authority to hold non-citizens incommunicado indefinitely if the government regards them as a … a specific phone number is obsolete in an age when people commonly  have multiple telephones and e-mail. He argues … before the right to an attorney and other basic rights come into force. The security of the United States, he says, …

… to bring the guilty parties to justice and to prevent future episodes of terrorism. What kind of war will the … advocated by Secretary of State Colin Powell? Or will war come in the form of numerous military strikes that engage … as some of the president’s trigger-eager advisers recommend? We should hope for the former, because a massive …

… Amendment does not prohibit robust gun regulation, it compels it. Today’s gun rights ideology is antithetical to … about an obligation citizens owed to their government and communities to contribute to public defense. They also …

… this new western sailing route was vital to Spain’s future as an international power. In 1494, after Christopher Columbus returned from the West Indies, the Spanish and Portuguese governments signed a deal … in, some of them to work off debts. Magellan’s second-in-command was the Spanish overseer and accountant, Juan de …

… call “the law of unintended consequences.” That phrase has come to be understood as a warning that intervention in a complex system tends to create unexpected and often … undesirable results.   The U.S. Constitution is one such complex system, and making changes to it can sometimes …

… Nadler of New York warned that "if we don't want to become an empire instead of a republic," Congress must …  Congressman Nadler disagrees.  "The president is becoming an absolute monarch," he said.   As a Democrat, … continued funding wars because the safety of American soldiers is always at stake.   But why appeal to a law approved …

… he proclaimed that “our nation is chosen by God and commissioned by history to be a model to the world.” This … notwithstanding the fact that Spanish missionaries had accomplished this two centuries before. But not all American …

… For good or ill, future generations will look to this spring's Marches on … reputation by ordering his men to attack their former comrades in arms with tear gas and riot weapons and burn …

… didn't move beyond their own self interest and embrace a common good. He called on Americans to unify themselves … a war. "Every act of energy conservation is more than just common sense — I tell you it is an act of patriotism."   … the House in late June. Many conservative politicians have complained the bill would wind up taxing citizens for the …

… in the moment. Some, however, really do represent something completely new in American political history, and not always … survival of the Republic. Burr took note of this view for future reference. Despite the contentious process, Jefferson … involving a federal election commission, railroad subsidies, and the renewed threat of regional violence, Hayes was …

… of nineteenth-century America, is instructing an audience of women, as well as men, on the meaning of a revival … Tocqueville noted in the 1830s, Americans are renowned for combining “separation of church and state” with intense, … revivalism follows chronological cycles. It often becomes especially strong when shifts in the economy or in a …

… whole cloth. A hundred years later, letters to the editor commenting on the anti-trust suit against Microsoft suggest … first astronauts. The World War II generation honored the Audie Murphys and George Pattons because of their courage and … is a professor of African American history at San Diego State University. His most recent book is "Seeing Red: …

… - mostly through means of fashion photography and short accompanying descriptions - Hill attempts to describe lingerie … how the center waist is made to appear as if it is the smallest point of the body. The written history here is … that also tap into the larger meaning of how women’s bodies are perceived in general society. The story of lingerie …