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a crowd of people holding signs. some signs read "Black Lives Matter" and "End Police Brutality" and Defund the Police"

Still Striving for a More Perfect Union in the Age of Black Lives Matter

What does Ralph Ellison see as stumbling blocks hindering Black Americans from entering the middle class? Have these stumbling blocks changed throughout time?
Grade Level
9-12
9
10
11
12
Teaching Area
African American History
US History since 1877
… … US History since 1877 … Still Striving for a More Perfect Union in the Age of Black Lives Matter …
flags of countries

Whither the Nation-State?

… and has been inscribed as the foundation of today's international system of law and order. Yet, over the the past few … the current Balkan crisis, the breakup of the former Soviet Union, inter-ethnic and tribal violence in various parts of …

Treating the Symptoms: Northern Ireland’s Incomplete Peace

… both of Northern Ireland’s political communities: Unionists (almost exclusively Protestant, who favor the ongoing inclusion of Northern Ireland in the UK), and nationalists (almost exclusively Catholic, favoring a closer … the Nationalist (usually referred to as “Republican”) and Unionist (“Loyalist”) communities continued to use violence …
Israeli soldiers stand around their tanks during the Yom Kippur War.

The Yom Kippur War and the OPEC Oil Embargo

… Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union while also threatening the global economy. Before the … with Israel. These policies, along with failed international mediation, made peace impossible.  During the …

Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: America's Love Affair with the Two-Party System

… smackdown ! Intra-party moneyfights ! Dueling State of the Union rebuttals ! The Rand Paul Drone Filibuster and John … one of the two major coalitions fails to hold the reins of national power? How likely is a serious third-party … Democratic Party, most of which had either seceded from the Union during the Civil War or opposed some portion of the …

European Disunion: The Rise and Fall of a Post-War Dream?

… unprecedented spirit of voluntary unification. The European Union (EU) has been a grand experiment in breaking down the … lit up the sky and Beethoven’s “Ode to Joy” (the EU anthem) rang through the ancient cobbled streets of Zagreb … has wrestled from its very beginnings with tensions between national sovereignty and greater integration. Greece’s …

Right-Wing Politics in India

… between the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress, though India is a multi-party … discussion about the rise of right-wing, religiously rooted nationalism in India. Since its creation in 1947 , India has … meant that the state of Jammu and Kashmir joined the union of India with the caveat that its residents were …
American nuclear missile from the early Cold War in its original launch silo.

A Basis for Hope in the Middle East

… yet the Cold War enemies, the United States and the Soviet Union, learned to build confidence and trust. A key step for … East … Cold War … Nuclear Power & Weapons … Diplomacy/International Relations … Global/Transnational … A Basis for Hope …
Three Afghan police trainees, sitting on ground with guns

Afghanistan: Past and Prospects

… I was a graduate student finishing my PhD when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.   Scott Levi   My name is Scott … some ways analogous to what the Americans and other international actors have pursued in Afghanistan since then. So …
Defendants hearing verdict, Nuremberg Trial Photographs, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Elizabeth Duddy

The Nuremberg Judgment

Beginning on November 20, 1945, the International Military Tribunal consisting of representatives from the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union worked together to bring 22 former Nazi leaders and their organizations to justice.
… Beginning on November 20, 1945, the International Military Tribunal consisting of representatives … from the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union—the four major Allied powers—worked together to bring …

As Cuba and the United States Reengage: The Presence of the Past

… war in 1868.” Three days later, Castro told the Cuban National Assembly that “no one should expect Cuba to … importance to the political and commercial interests of our Union,” John Adams pronounced in 1823. “It is scarcely … Cuban foreign policy, specifically expanding ties with the Soviet Union. Simply put: Americans were aghast. How utterly …

The Year of Africa

… marked by demonstrations and protests held by the United National Independence Party (UNIP). Each individual state’s … (1959) in what is now Malawi . He also worried that the Soviet Union and China would use independence struggles to gain …

NATO's New Order: The Alliance After the Cold War

… to some of the conditions of the Cold War that defined international politics between 1945 and 1991. Some have even … that characterized the initial years after the fall of the Soviet Union , it has become more assertive on its borders and less …
Colin Kaepernick and teammates kneeling

The Long View of Sports Protests

… quarterback Colin Kaepernick began kneeling during the National Anthem to raise awareness of the Black Lives Matter … quarterback Colin Kaepernick began kneeling during the national anthem to protest the oppression of black people …
Young Child dressed in a Uncle Sam costume

Coming to America to Contribute

Review of Ellis Island Nation: Immigration Policy and American Identity in the Twentieth Century, by Robert L. Fleegler Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013
… the contributions that various ethnicities, religions, and nationalities brought to the American scene. For others, the … the process of “Americanization”—the erasing of old national identities—became a priority. Politicians and other … US society still discriminated against immigrants based on nationality. This led to the Immigration Act of 1965 which …

What We Talk About When We Talk About Confederate Monuments

… a former journalist and current member of the ultra-nationalist group the Proud Boys, planned a “Unite the … of Durham, NC published heroic profiles of Confederate and Union figures in 1889 to advertise their cigarettes ( left ) … specter of a centralized police state loomed large as the Soviet Union expanded across Europe. The logic behind …
A Uyghur hunter in Kashgar, 2005.

Xinjiang: From Autonomy to Dystopia

… by an alien power. The memory of two failed attempts at national statehood in the 20th century (two different … of the country’s population and saw itself as “a union of five races” — Han, Manchu, Mongols, Tibetans, and … self-determination of different nations, all within a Soviet context. This model of managing ethnic and national
Team photo of a soccer team

The Politics of International Sport

… to tumultuous popular demonstrations. Politics and international sports seem to go hand-in-hand, but why? Join … Sullivan, who was the head of the American Amateur Athletic Union. And some of the American Olympic efforts early in the … So you look at those East German weightlifters and those Soviet swimmers and all that other kind of stuff, and that …
The 3rd Tipperary Brigade of the Old IRA, pictured during the early 1920s.

100 Years of Irish Independence and Division

… these regional differences fostered two distinct senses of national identity. In the north, Ulster Protestants tended … staked their political future on the preservation of the Union. In political terms, they came to describe themselves as Unionists.  In much of the rest of Ireland, Roman …
The Battle of Culloden by David Morier

9/12/2014: Top Ten Origins: Scotland and the United Kingdom

… of Bannockburn, from the Scotichronicon, c. 1440     3. The Union of the Crowns: Two Crowns, One Head   In 1603, … will of Scottish nobles and landowners, paving the way for union with England and the creation of the United Kingdom.   … nuclear missiles   In 2007, the pro-independence Scottish National Party (SNP) formed a minority government in the …