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A "bucket brigade" works to clear rubble and debris on September 14, 2001.

United We Stand? The Unequal Costs of Mobilization

… from new opportunities. But the patriotic fervor that accompanied wartime mobilization meant that unions were … Trade Center struggle to learn the fates of their loved ones, who were a key part of the economy servicing this … mean economic parity and political democracy, not putting money and power into the hands of the few. Rachel Buff is an …
Photo of A. Mitchell Palmer, a congressman from Pennsylvania who later became the U.S. Attorney General under President Woodrow Wilson.

Cracking Down on Dissent

… to keep close tabs on them. Spying on dissidents has become official policy since police departments were advised … I. Other “scares” followed. From 1938 to 1945 Rep. Martin Dies of Texas, no defender of civil liberties, chaired the … Union and the National Lawyers Guild in Albuquerque have done in a civil rights lawsuit charging the city and its …
Rosie Castro with her sons, Joaquín, left, and Julián, April 23, 2006 (ZUMA Wire/San Antonio Express-News/Helen L. Montoya)

No Julian Castro without Mother Rosie Castro

… woman has held that position.   But Julian Castro did not become mayor on his own. He attributes his rise to the Chicano … activists held their own reunion in El Paso, Texas, to commemorate the 1972 national convention held in that city … student recording what these historic folks had to say. One of the women who spoke at the 1989 gathering was Rosie …
Former President Jimmy Carter

Putting Ex-Presidents Back to Work

… Baker as co-chair, Carter will lead a national bipartisan commission on election reform. His prestige and experience … a channel to let former presidents perform useful service. One option is to make these men honorary members of the U.S. … band of brothers with a mutual respect that they and they alone can fully appreciate. They want to be useful, alone and …
Veterans Day Poster 1980.

Keeping Veterans Day Alive

… city’s residents restored the parade. Jacksonville is not alone. Similar stories about cancellations or threatened …   November 11 was originally known as Armistice Day to commemorate the 11th day at the 11th hour of the 11th month … his third tour in Iraq. Poolaw is a third-generation soldier and grandson of 1st Infantry Division 1st Sgt. Pascal …
Cover of Faustian Bargain: The Soviet-German Partnership and the Origins of the Second World War by Ian Ona Johnson.

The Soviet-German Exchange: Beyond Ideology and Opportunism

Review of Faustian Bargain: The Soviet-German Partnership and the Origins of the Second World War, by Ian Ona Johnson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021)
… Ask someone to describe the Soviet Union during the Second World War … and they will conjure up images of beleaguered Red Army soldiers at Stalingrad , the mechanized carnage of the tank … order and provide readers bite-sized analyses of complex political, social, and military affairs. For …
Illustration from Otto of Freising’s twelfth-century chronicle, which depicts Henry IV and Clement III presiding in Rome in 1084, and Gregory VII’s flight from the city and subsequent death in Salerno in 1085.

The Investiture Controversy

… Gregory VII chastised Henry IV’s association with excommunicated advisers and his appointment of three Italian prelates. He demanded obedience to the papacy and threatened excommunication … a step further, denying Henry his kingship, absolving everyone of their oaths to the king, and forbidding anyone to …
 This is the logo of the Heaven's Gate cult.

Gullible Americans?

… of the Heaven’s Gate suicides now blame everything from comets to cults to cyberspace to the dead themselves — the … riverboat crook who left passengers penniless and disillusioned because he lured them with false hope and specious … to the Almighty to mangle the enemy, and later lampooned the naivete of “mind cure” practitioners from Mary …
A portrait of Martin Luther King, Jr.

The Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

… Memphis, a pall of shock and sadness blanketed the black community. Anguish soon turned to anger. Fearing a riot, the … by violence. And so it had to be the fire this time. A soldier standing guard following riots in Washington, D.C. … , inadequate municipal services, failing schools , and nonexistent jobs . The looting that took place during these …
Senator Barack Obama

Memorandum to Sen. Obama: How to Run

… to get voters registered. He realized that if he were to become the city’s first African American elected mayor he … to win the general election against his Republican opponent. The irony of this was that Chicago’s voters were … for the History News Service. He is writing a book on one of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s mentors, Benjamin Elijah …
Engraving of René Descartes.

A Triumph for Religion as Well as Science

… Federal Judge John E. Jones III’s December 20th verdict in Kitzmiller v. Dover that … Supporters of Intelligent Design do not do science as it’s done today: designing experiments, collecting data, and … and natural theology was a debate within the scientific community of the day. Within the modern scientific …
Habana Lions Baseball Players 1946-47

Baseball Without Borders

Review of Havana Hardball: Spring Training, Jackie Robinson, and the Cuban League, by Cesar Brioso (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2015).
… not discrete organizations, but frequently interacted and competed, sharing players and locations, effectively … for the 1946-7 Cuban League season was only three quarters completed. With the end of the Second World War, and the … States, beginning a search for the appropriate player, one who was skilled, yet also patient, and willing to avoid …
Russian President Vladimir Putin.

Restoring Russian Support for the War on Terror

… attack was the Russian president, Vladimir Putin. Putin’s phone call and promise to support the United States in … and Moscow are increasingly frayed, and Russia has become a determined foe of the American Middle East agenda. … Service and a doctoral student in history and security studies at Yale. E-mail:  jmankoff@yahoo.com . …
A map showing Israel and Palestine

Palestine and Israel: A Case of Incomplete Decolonization

… framework of decolonization struggles. Violence has accompanied decolonization whenever the goal of political … of a late twentieth-century drive of colonial peoples to become sovereign nation-states. Much of the fury behind the … they cannot succeed. An imperial power, if there is one, must make the critical decisions to curb the ambitions …
Sir Winston Churchill in 1945.

Churchill on Iraq: “Living on an Ungrateful Volcano”

… course of action in Iraq was a waste – a waste of money, effort, time and political capital. The difficulties … the Arab officials of Iraq’s British-backed King Feisal “incompetent.” He noted the gross over-expenditure of monies in … American troops from that nation now. Shannon Monaghan studies history at Yale University and writes for the History …
President LBJ's "Midnight Address" on the 2nd Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964.

Remember the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

… colonialists in their war against Ho’s Vietminh, he had become a bitter U.S. enemy. Over the next decade, Ho … were in Vietnam. By 1973, more than 58,000 of them had died there. Congress later recognized the mistake of the … would behoove Congress to follow faithfully the path envisioned by the Founding Fathers, and not that of their failed …
Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War, by Harry S. Stout Book cover.

Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War

Review of Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War, by Harry S. Stout (New York: Viking, 2006)
… By September 1862 the Battle of Antietam provided the bloodiest day in American history, rewriting "the rules for … 24,000 casualties, yet religious leaders only became more committed to their crusades and more strident in their … committed to exploring "ambiguity." He documents the death toll of a war that ceded moral decision making to generals …
The historic Floyd County Courthouse in Rome, Georgia.

Marcus Dixon or Strom Thurmond: Which Is the Predator?

… think, was a patriarch, Dixon a predator. Thurmond’s hush money cleared the way for the senator’s notable political … that conferred upon whites a perverse sense of social superiority. The racial line might be crossed when lust came … husband when he was nine) declared that her son “may have committed a sin, but never committed a crime,” she …