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Jefferson High School Marching Colonials perform on the steps of National Archives Building on Constitution Day, September 17, 1974.

Let’s Do Something Constitutional on Constitution Day

… 2, Section 2, couldn’t be clearer: “The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United … there any grant of the sweeping powers now claimed for the commander in chief. Indeed, the congressional power to … of resorting to violence. The Framers made the president commander in chief for efficiency and to avoid a dangerous …
US Marine Corps during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003.

“Operation Mississippi Freedom”: When State-Sponsored Terrorism Was American

… including 35 churches and numerous homes in this state. McComb, Miss., came to be known that summer as the bombing … Hamer’s famous, riveting testimony before the credentials committee at the 1964 Democratic National Convention, for … of success of Operation Iraqi Freedom, we should compare the means and results of the two attempts to achieve …
President Eisenhower in Holland in 1951.

Will the United States Start a New Nuclear Arms Race?

… massive arms race. The U.S. government conducted special studies to see how much damage Soviet atomic bombs could … Bush faces the prospect of North Korea or even Iran becoming a nuclear power. China, India, Pakistan, Great … the Cold War. It helped reduce tensions between the two superpowers. Today, a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty …
A wheat field in Ukraine resembles the colors on the country's flag.

Ukraine: The Breadbasket of Europe

… concern about the war’s impact on global agricultural commodity markets: the disruption to Ukrainian agricultural … consumption of meat and dairy products.   Through subsidies, as well as price and trade controls, meat production … expansion of the livestock sector was reversed as subsidies were largely eliminated. Russia, Ukraine, and …
illustration of people around a fire ring

The Causes and Costs of Barrenness

Review of Infertility in Early Modern England, by Daphna Oren-Magidor (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017)
… and legacy. Women, on the other hand, struggled to comes to terms with their infertility in large part because … of women continued to rely on ‘kitchen physic,’ or remedies made at home with widely available ingredients. Her examination of this dimension of infertility is …
Vice President Walter Mondale speaking with President Jimmy Carter.

Why the Vice-Presidential Nominees Will Be Presidential

… and the technology of the information age meant that comments made anywhere are now instantly transmitted … obtained new resources that have allowed them to become significant ongoing participants in the White House. … be worthy presidents. The new context aligns political expediency more closely with considerations of good government. …
Tilden illustration - a hand on another hand that is on a gun on a table with papers

Top Ten Origins: Other “Unprecedented” Elections in American History

… in the moment. Some, however, really do represent something completely new in American political history, and not always … set subsequent political norms, permanently altered the composition of national political coalitions, or revealed … involving a federal election commission, railroad subsidies, and the renewed threat of regional violence, Hayes was …
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walking on the moon in 1969 with the American flag behind them.

Thirty Years since Apollo 11

… War. Each nation hailed its space “firsts” as proof of the superiority of its social and economic system. Apollo was also a stunning technological accomplishment. NASA moved in eight years from launching a man … demonstrate that interest in space exploration has never died. What is changing now is the economic and political …
 Monte Albán

Una Postal de Oaxaca, México

… impresionante, la ciudad de Oaxaca ofrece vistas de la compleja historia de México. En 1521, Hernán Cortés mando a … puede escuchar los dialectos mixtecos y zapotecos en las calles de la ciudad. Muchas de la casas Oaxaqueñas son … Guerra Mundial, no habían muchas carreteras modernas que dieran servicio a los confines del sur del país. Asta hoy en …
Dorothea Lange's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California, centering on Florence Owens Thompson, age 32, a mother of seven children, in Nipomo, California, March 1936.

Another Great Depression?

… Here's why.   The Great Depression was the result of the combination of the 1929 financial crisis and serious … It was pumped up by over-lending by banks and financial companies and over-borrowing by Wall Street. Rising interest … its borrowing power. The bulk of the U.S. economy's income went to the to top 1 percent of the nation's families, …

Blue, Black, and Green: Inflation and the Fate of Argentina

… where tourists and porteños (inhabitants of Buenos Aires) come to exchange currency. As one walks the streets, the … of inflation and devaluation, Rosas slashed public subsidies and public works. A proponent of small government, … and small industrial producers received large subsidies. In Córdoba, a metallurgy industry flourished under the …
William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States.

Zealous Moderates: Barack Obama and William Howard Taft

… season brings a new round of presidential analogies and comparisons. Two years into his presidency, Barack Obama has already seen his share. Supporters have compared him to Abraham Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt, Harry … strategy has disadvantages. Namely, as the process becomes a political football, the president gets blamed by …
State of War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1945-2011, by Paul A. C. Koistinen Book Cover.

The Anatomy of the Military-Industrial Complex

Review of State of War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1945-2011, by Paul A. C. Koistinen (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2012)
… to the nation he coined the phrase "military-industrial complex." Eisenhower used that address to issue a warning to … spirit as well. In this book, Koistinen explains how that complex (he abbreviates it MIC) came to be and how it has … of economists like Seymour Melman and others who have studied the question. He juxtaposes the growth of military …
President Ronald Reagan during an interview in 1988.

Marking a Tragic Anniversary

… legacy with which Americans will sooner or later have to come to terms: today we live in a society of greater … critically weakened the one entity best equipped to combat growing income inequality in the United States: organized labor. …
Young Child dressed in a Uncle Sam costume

Coming to America to Contribute

Review of Ellis Island Nation: Immigration Policy and American Identity in the Twentieth Century, by Robert L. Fleegler Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013
… United States is characterized by three great waves of newcomers. The first wave came primarily from Ireland, Germany, … movies typically depicted Italian, Irish, and Jewish soldiers fighting alongside their WASP comrades. The stated … decently. But, opinion polling revealed that most soldiers continued to harbor prejudice towards ethnic …
The last Soviet forces leave Afghanistan via Friendship Bridge in February of 1989

What They Left Behind: The Soviet Union in Afghanistan

… in February 1989—twenty-five years ago—the Soviet Union completed withdrawal of its combat forces across the … society.” Kopp saw the Bolshevik Revolution as an event embodied in modernist architecture, but also facilitated and … shopping centers, and skyscrapers built by the country’s super rich. Kabul’s skyline, as seen here in 2010, is sure …
Refugees crowded emergency trains leaving to India or Pakistan c. 1947-1953

India-Pakistan Partition

… Yet alongside the victories of independence came the tragedies of partition, whereby British-ruled India was divided … into two separate, independent states. The violence that accompanied partition, which led to the death of up to a … of millions more, ranks among the worst human tragedies of the twentieth century. Seventy years on, the world …
Women suffragists marching on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D.C., March 3, 1913.

The First Time Women Marched on Washington

… of the 1913 march had their organizational act together. Communicating via a federated national organization called … about women voting. The organizers of the 1913 parade accomplished all this in the face of obstacles that those of …
Howard Dean in 2014.

How Dean Followed in Goldwater’s Steps

… Barry Goldwater of 1964. Dean should have taken the comparison seriously. Glaring parallels exist between the … election, few believed that Goldwater could successfully compete for, much less win, the Republican nomination, but … SECURITY, HIT CASTRO.” The steady amplification (and not uncommon distortion) of Goldwater’s policy positions, his …
Cover of Zoot Suit The Enigmatic Career of an Extreme Style by Kathy Peiss.

A Suit, or a Statement?

Review of Zoot Suit: The Enigmatic Career of an Extreme Style, by Kathy Peiss (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011)
… songwriters and animators utilized the suit to make commentary on American life during a time of war. Chapter … and Harlem. Understanding how a style which had once communicated a variety of meanings became tied to racial …
illustration of Prince George IV

Unspoken Anxiety or Vivid Metaphor?

Review of Itch, Clap, Pox: Venereal Disease in the Eighteenth-Century Imagination, by Noelle Gallagher (New Haven: Yale, 2019)
… (syphilis), artists explored social phenomena including commercialization, globalization, gender, race, and class. … Gallagher describes how scarring from venereal disease was compared to battlefield wounds as marks of honor, and were … Gallagher describes how scarring from venereal disease was compared to battlefield wounds as marks of honor. At the …
The Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Barry (DDG 52) launches a Tomahawk missile in support of Operation Odyssey Dawn on March 19, 2011.

What Can Air Power Achieve? From Rolling Thunder to Odyssey Dawn

… never quite sure what those air assaults should or could accomplish. Though he hoped that Hanoi would abandon its … to preserve a stable South Vietnam could not be accomplished by air strikes alone.   Though President Obama's … him.   Moreover, just as Rolling Thunder signaled a U.S. commitment to South Vietnam, so Odyssey Dawn will likely be …
Alfonso García Robles at the Public Hearing on Nuclear Weapons and Disarmament in 1981.

A Model for a Nuclear-Free Middle East

… programs. These recent developments no doubt bring comfort to some. But we can't rest easy. The dangers of … nuclear weapons or, like Cuba, hosting those of a superpower. As Mexico's state secretary for the foreign … With the Treaty of Tlatelolco in 1967, that goal was accomplished. Latin America is now a nuclear weapon free zone. …
A Hawaiian man employing the spearfishing techniques described by Fagan, circa 1890.

Built Upon Bounty

Review of Fishing: How the Sea Fed Civilization, by Brian Fagan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017)
… Some of the earliest evidence of Homo sapien s fishing comes from Central Africa where catfish were captured using … enabled extensive chemical analyses of fish bones. These studies reveal not only what fish species people were … limited written records do exist, such as in the case of medieval Europe, evidence from isotope analysis of bones adds …