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Defendants hearing verdict, Nuremberg Trial Photographs, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Elizabeth Duddy

The Nuremberg Judgment

Beginning on November 20, 1945, the International Military Tribunal consisting of representatives from the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union worked together to bring 22 former Nazi leaders and their organizations to justice.
Palais de Beaulieu

The Theological Third Way in Latin America

Review of A Gospel for the Poor: Global Social Christianity and the Latin American Evangelical Left, by David C. Kirkpatrick (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019)
… Spirit, teaching them to obey everything I [Jesus] have commanded you” (Matthew 28:19 NIV). This Great Commission … Evangelical Left , explores the development of the understudied—and by many accounts, unacknowledged—Latin American … been hidden in plain sight. By giving a voice to understudied and often-ignored actors, this monograph colors the …
George W. Bush at the White House in 2003.

Can Bush out-Hoover Hoover?

… the fact that she thought he had “showed himself to be a complete idiot. “Why?” the perplexed reporter inquired. … of voters will value consistency above even wisdom or common sense. The whole Bush campaign seems to be centered … who, to cite but two among several major differences, was committed to balancing the budget and was uninterested in …
New York City in 1932.

Black Tuesday II

… often  since the attack on the World Trade Center, but a comparison of the Black Tuesdays of 1929 and 2001 is equally … to respond, “What else is there?” Even though we have become far more materialistic in recent decades, it is … been “More, more, more for me, me, me!” Americans have become so addicted to spending that it now takes something …
Insects on white flowers

4/22/14: An Earth Day Round Up

… and Human Survival: What the Deep Past Tells Us about the Future, " by John Brooke " Dry Days Down Under: Australia …
Soviet Union soldier holding a Soviet flag in the air

Stalingrad: The Turning Point of WWII in Europe

In August 1942, the most famous battle of the Second World War began.
… More than four million combatants fought in the gargantuan struggle at Stalingrad … armies. Over 1.8 million became casualties. More Soviet soldiers died in the five-month battle than Americans in the entire …
US president Bill Clinton and Chinese leader Jiang Zemin holding a joint press conference at the White House, October 29, 1997

The Next Cold War?

… How do cold wars begin? The question is becoming more than academic as the Bush administration gropes … No single dispute was big enough, in itself, to cast the die for or against prolonged cold war. But each one required … our choices. Ira Chernus is a professor of religious studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and a writer …
Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West, 350-550 AD, by Brown, Peter Book Cover.

What to Do About the Money?

Review of Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West, 350-550 AD, by Brown, Peter (Princeton University Press, 2012)
… Augustine, Brown emphasizes the importance of patronage and community in the famous bishop's career and suggests that Augustine saw the … (522-6). Brown characterizes this as the shift toward medieval Christianity. As expected from Peter Brown, this book …
New York stock market index from 1926 to 1939

Can the Global Crisis of the Nineties Lead to Another Great Depression?

… of global crisis but wonder about the country’s economic future in view of the recent evidence of declining corporate … and the Nineties, and does history offer “lessons” from a comparison? Some of the similarities are certainly … susceptible today to the wild investment schemes that were common in 1929. Furthermore, the Fed has played an effective …
Demolition of the former Penn Station concourse raised public awareness about preservation.

Choking Off Our Past

… the Lower East Side Tenement Museum in New York City to Acoma Sky City in New Mexico. NTHP activists are gathering in … items on July 20, 1969, to return to the orbiting command module, they didn’t know they were creating … The promise of establishing a base on the moon was soon compromised for the shuttle program and a near-earth space …
Tulsa aftermath. Jun 1, 1921.

In Oklahoma, Another Debate About Reparations

… in the city that a lynching was imminent. The proud black community, which was reading "radical" literature such as … were required to work cleaning up the burned area for no compensation other than meals and housing. By noon, more … to the ground and thousands were left homeless. Now, a commission funded by the Oklahoma legislature is …
The 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival

Black Woodstock: The 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival

… Grapevine".   Additionally, like other such events, it refuted the racist belief that Black people could not gather … Mongo Santamaría and Style in Harlem.   1969 was a complex moment. Even as the festival affirmed the victories … thrilled the Black crowds in Harlem to the mostly white audience gathered upstate at Woodstock.  Given these …
Jackie Robinson

Living Up to Jackie Robinson

… jeopardize the process of integration. He was, by nature, a combative individual, so he had to struggle to restrain … "Then I could walk away from baseball and never become a star. But my son could tell his son what his daddy … An outspoken advocate of self-help, he urged blacks to become producers, manufacturers, creators of businesses and …
Herd of horses on desert-steppe

A Postcard from Eastern Kazakhstan

… Once part of the Russian Empire of the tsars and then the Communist Soviet Union, Kazakhstan has been independent … meal. We spent the night in our sleeping bags in a large communal dormitory. Path inside the Konyr-Aulie cave. Some … between seasonal pastures. Brutal Soviet policies that compelled the nomads to settle in one place, followed by a …
Portrait of Benjamin Franklin by Joseph-Siffred Duplessis.

Apologizing for Slavery

… that has raged ever since. Apologizing for slavery has become such a controversial issue not only because few understand what it will accomplish, but also because even more than 130 years after … the idea of a slave memorial on the Washington Mall is becoming more popular. And why the Founding Fathers have …
An orientalist nineteenth century Russian view of Samarkand in the time of Timur.

A Castilian in Samarkand, 1404

… noted that work on the largest mosque in the city had been completed just before his arrival, but Timur ordered its … of Clavijo and the party of other ambassadors who he accompanied to the cosmopolitan city provoked mild interest, … on account of their strange clothes and quaint customs. Medieval Castilians, it seems, were regarded as rather …
September 17: The United States Constitution is signed in Philadelphia.

The Constitution, Congress and the Power to Declare War

… The Founding Fathers balanced the power of the president as commander-in-chief with that of Congress, the people’s representatives — the one to command the nation’s armed forces, the other to decide when …
A foreclosure sign in front of a home

Avoiding Market Meltdowns

… reacted by pulling their money from banks and trust companies. The stock market lost nearly half its value. J.P. … Congressmen didn't want to rely on tycoons like Morgan in future emergencies, they created the Federal Reserve System … obligations. Obviously, these senators are proposing remedies to win support for their presidential campaigns. They …
The Warren Court (1953–1969).

Blending Empathy and Justice

… on the Supreme Court, appears before the Senate judiciary committee. Obama raised the subject when he identified “that … with people’s hopes and struggles, as an essential ingredient for arriving at just decisions and outcomes.” … “that quality of empathy . . . as an essential ingredient for arriving at just decisions and outcomes.”   Nixon …
A rendering of the Battle of Fort Pillow, also known as the Fort Pillow Massacre, which was fought on April 12, 1864 in Tennessee.  It ended with a massacre by Confederate soldiers of at least one hundred surrendered black troops serving the Union, exemplifying one of the Civil War's transgressions of the norms of warfare.

The American Civil War, Then and Now

Review of The War that Forged a Nation: Why the Civil War Still Matters, by James McPherson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
Coming to terms with the American Civil War is no easy task. … New historical estimates put the death toll at 750,000 soldiers, or 2.4% of the American population in 1860, which … As the conflict wore on, the distinctions between enemy soldiers and civilians blurred, as non-combatants increasingly …
Rush hour traffic in Interstate 95 in Miami.

Finally, Too Many Cars

… Chrysler was starting to remake Maxwell Motors into his future Big Three company. In 1922, there was one registered passenger car or … a car (or two) in every driveway.   From Keystone Cops comedies to contemporary movie chases to sophisticated art, …
A refrigerator advertisement in The Ladies Home Journal, 1948.

The Feminine Mystique

… magazine. She went on to Smith College, where she studied psychology and completed a year of graduate work at the University of … The Fountain of Age in 1993 as well as two memoirs. She died on her 85th birthday in 2006.   Despite Friedan’s …