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… The Mariner 9 exploration of Mars was a good demonstration of how science and technology literally …

… March 3, 1857 marked the unofficial beginning of the so-called Second Opium War (officially 1856-1860). …

… in the practice of variolation, which was used to protect against smallpox. …

… Premier Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Company after the United States and Britain refused to … In July 1956, the international order was disrupted by the Suez Crisis, a complicated imbroglio marked by the intersection of European …

… the countries formerly designated as the “ East European communist bloc ” displayed a remarkable solidarity in support of Ukraine. Officials from Estonia echoed those from Romania, Slovakia … did not discriminate against minorities. By the mid-1930s, when Hitler’s rule had been established in Germany, the …

… global economy. Drawing on exclusive interviews with company executives, corporate archives and other records, … corporations. He then considers what each has become: an essential presence in the daily workings of the … the limits of their efforts to “green” their operations and offers insights on how governments and activists can push …

… of the re-admittance of South Africa to the international community. To many, winning a rugby tournament might seem to … over South African racism were first raised in the early 1930s. The 1934 British Empire Games (the precursor to the … laws that institutionalized apartheid—which lasted officially from 1948 to 1994—that brought the issue of …

… John Adams, referred to it as “the most insignificant office ever the invention of man contrived or his …   It was John Tyler, vice-president under the ill-fated William Henry Harrison, who resolved the matter by … future political ambitions, work behind the scenes, and become an extension of his president. Ryan’s power will be …

… year. What's the news in this? It's the cause cited by city officials — not lack of funds, of parade participants or of … John A. Logan issued his General Order 11 establishing May 30 as Decoration Day at national cemeteries to honor … the national holiday from its pedestal. Memorial Day commemorates the men and women killed on the battlefield or …

… On Feb. 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the designation of “military areas” along the … a national security threat. While the order legally encompassed Germans and Italians, in practice only the … to the very principles and laws of the United States and will not be tolerated.” Ashcroft’s public defense of …

… new government repayment options, paying them off with other credit lines or just ignoring them. More … were still paying off loans that are years old. On March 30, 2010, with legislation that was included in the health … to the cost saving measures of the FDLP, especially when compared to the money funneled to private banks through …

… This presentation commemorates the 40th anniversary of the Bhopal Gas Disaster … Nicholas Breyfogle: Hello and welcome to Remembering Bhopal: The World's Worst Industrial … towards installing safety devices, costing up to 15% to 30% of the outlay of the plant's inspection, about three to …

… Socialist Congress meeting in Paris in July 1899. The comrades set the date in solidarity with organized workers … in 1937 ( left ). Harlan County miner’s homes in the 1930s ( right ). The most significant industrial labor … a sympathetic governor to Michigan. On December 30, 1936, shop-floor activists in General Motors Fisher Body plant No. …

… eager to support a popular president before going off to face the voters in November. Only a brave few in … colonialists in their war against Ho’s Vietminh, he had become a bitter U.S. enemy. Over the next decade, Ho … collective judgment of both the Congress and the President will apply to the introduction of United States Armed Forces …

… Native American and Indigenous Student Initiatives, Office of Student Life Multicultural Center | The Ohio State … Dr. Lucy Murphy  Welcome to Reclaiming My Family's Story: Cultural Trauma and … removal of tribes through the Indian Removal Act of 1830. I want to honor the resiliency of these tribal nations, …

… By 1515, then, the only way for Spain to access the luxury goods available in the Spice Islands and elsewhere in Asia … sailing experiences were brought in, some of them to work off debts. Magellan’s second-in-command was the Spanish overseer and accountant, Juan de …

… end. Sometimes hot, sometimes cold, the war is projected against many enemies, including both states and … the diplomatic efforts and foreign aid needed to solve complex international problems. During the Cold War, … Still, warlike measures against Iran, Iraq or North Korea will likely unite their populations against us. Nothing like …

… Mao Zedong to Martin Luther King Jr., China has a long and complex history of interaction with African American … James Watson-Krips  Hello, everyone. Welcome to this discussion with Melvin Barnes, PhD candidates … American leftist or black radicals. Because I think that it offers an opportunity to sort of look at the places where …

… not obscure the fact that this conflict, with all its complexity and tragedy, belongs firmly to the present. This … of armored vehicles blocking roads in the lead up to an offensive, waves of infantry, many of them young, and … a country like Ukraine, larger than France, with only 130,000 men?). From there, multiple factors will shape the …

… in the fight and where to use federal government powers. A common myth about wartime is that everyone bands together in … The core American ideals invoked as a cause for retaliation will also bring us heated debate. In World War II, the fight … job discrimination in defense firms. Randolph called off the march after Roosevelt acted. During the war, …

… Jerusalem through the Cardo: Connecting Abrahamic Faiths A shopkeeper sits outside his store in the Cardo waiting for … Residents of Silwan gather for a celebration at their community center. This is the same question the Palestinian … “Mehane Yehuda,” a reference to its neighborhood. In the 1930s, Iraqi Jews began to sell produce there; this specific …

… ongoing capital campaign. Workers survey the damage after a commuter train crashed into a passenger car near Valhalla, … a legal system, encouraging banking expansion, and offering direct and indirect subsidies to speed up … to expand electricity to all Americans picked up in the 1930s, with the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) leading the …

… In June 2011, the non-governmental organization Global Commission on Drug Policy published a report detailing the … Nixon's famous declaration of the "war on drugs." It offered a variety of policy measures for individual states … growers could not meet market demands. In the 1920s and 1930s, traffickers in Ciudad Juárez imported opium and …

… then a vice president, once called “the most insignificant office ever the invention of man contrived or his … conceived.” Under Cheney, the vice presidency has become an extension of the presidency itself. Adams was not … an afterthought at the constitutional convention in 1788. Will future vice presidents inherit such power and …