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Ukrainian refugees board a train in Lviv, February 2022.

West Ukraine’s War Stories: A New Chapter?

… It was here that the collapsing Habsburg and Romanov empires fought a doomed battle in World War I and where Nazi … Galicia, a territory that found itself part of the Habsburg Empire, interwar Poland, and Soviet Ukraine all within the … the particularities of life in the rapidly changing Russian empire.  Even a common religious foundation eluded these …
A pro-union demonstration in Romania, 2009. The flag translates to "Moldova Our Sister"

Moldova and Romania: A Long and Complicated Relationship

… southern and eastern Romania, were conquered by the Roman Empire in 106 CE. During the almost 165 years of Roman … Wallachians.  The two principalities gradually submitted to Ottoman rule during the 1400s and 1500s, while … Mihai Pătrașcu, voivode of Wallachia, revolted against his Ottoman overlords. By 1599, “Mihai the Brave,” was …
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) was one of the bloodiest in history: 8 million people lost their lives in Europe's deadliest religious conflict.

Secularism, Past and Future

Review of Secularism: Politics, Religion, and Freedom, by Andrew Copson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)
… of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom. The two revolutions, needless to say, had different trajectories – …
The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics – The Pact Between Nations, a print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848.

Nationalism in Decline

… created nations out of the old Hapsburg and Ottoman empires. Even though the Communist Revolution in Russia in …
Painting of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Memories of the Great War

… from Singapore, then an important colony in Britain’s Asian empire and now an economic powerhouse. ( Image Source ) … … Second Balkan war. First, they were fighting against the Ottoman Empire and then they fought against Bulgaria. So, … a lot better equipped for the war in the Balkans, than the Ottomans had been, so wasn't quite as peaceful here in …
Pancho Villa and followers.

Mexico’s Great Transition

… of government become changes of regime. Putsches and revolutions substitute for orderly transitions. A change of …
A crowd of protesters at night in Sudan

Sudan: Popular Protests, Today and Yesterday

… the 19th century, which is what they call Turco-Egyptian or Ottoman and then you have the European colonial rule in the … day territories of South Sudan. As you know, the Ottoman Empire was trying to expand in East Africa along the Red Sea … to compare what's happening in Sudan with the wave of revolutions that swept the Middle East and North Africa in …

What's All Happening at the Zoo?

… reign on Louis XIV of France (1643-1715). Exploration and empire-building expanded the reach and symbolic importance … of the menagerie. Exotic animals became the playthings of empires. In 1493, 1494, and 1496, Christopher Columbus, for … imperial currency, for he only ended up in London after the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt gave him to the British Consul …
A Church in Novgorod Russia

Russia and the World

… when it emerged on the global stage when did the Orthodox Empire over the course of the nineteenth century, was much more desirous of being a pan-Slavic empire than, of course, most recently a communist empire, with global ambitions, and then presently, something …
Review of Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, by Pierre Brocheux (translation by Claire Duiker) Book Cover

Ho Chi Minh: A Biography

Review of Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, by Pierre Brocheux (translation by Claire Duiker) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007)
Black Friday shoppers in the morning at Walmart store in Durham, North Carolina.

Is Retailing’s Death Star Vulnerable After All?

… is not unprecedented. >From the original giant retail empire founded by Frank Woolworth in Utica, N.Y., in 1879 to … the beauty of the discount concept and then built an empire. Woolworth’s work to establish bargain shopping apart …
Emancipation Memorial in Lincoln Park, Washington DC.

Bicentennial for Two Great Emancipators

… book to appear in the United States.   They initiated twin revolutions: one brought by Lincoln — the Civil War and the … for Lincoln’s political and moral actions.   Both revolutions share a commitment to the same proposition: that … for different reasons, helps explain the opposition to the revolutions unleashed by Lincoln and Darwin, and why many …
The World Trade Center towers on September 11, 2001

The War on Terror

… ambitions. And it's certainly true that the American Empire is not comparable to let's say, the British Empire, the Roman Empire, we do Empire our own way. That said, I've long come …
tanks and soldier fighting in the Arab-Israeli Conflict

The World’s Longest War

… began in the late 6th century B.C. when the Persian Empire demanded the submission of the Greek cities of Asia … campaign in military history, conquered the vast Persian Empire – a realm that included the lands on which are found … Europe-vs.-Western Asia struggle. For Carthage, though its empire was located near the western end of the …
Illustration of Packing Room in Opium Factory at Patna, India

The World of Opium: From “Free” to Illicit Trade

Review of Opium’s Long Shadow: From Asian Revolt to Global Drug Control , by Steffen Rimner (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2018)
… the League of Nations came into being in 1920, nations and empires began to prioritize anti-drug trafficking laws as an … opium trade. By broadening the scope of his analysis beyond empires and nations, Rimner demonstrates that there were … lens, Rimner is able to explain how states and empires came to adopt drug control laws after the First …
Zaporizhians by Józef Brandt, unknown date.

The Cossacks, Ukraine’s Paradigmatic Warriors

… when Ukraine was under the control of the Russian Empire , says: “Soul and body shall we lay down for our … as an independent community were abolished by the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth century.  The enduring …