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Grover Cleveland-Benjamin Harrison presidential (1888) campaign poster about the trade policy of the two candidates

Reform: The Long-Term Winner in Close Elections

… or the opening of world markets to facilitate competition across national boundaries. Record campaign … In 1888 and 2000, third parties won few votes but their message that major parties had made government unresponsive … racism, and urging workers and farmers to recognize their common interest in fighting business consolidation. Because …

The Alpha and Omega of the Greek Debt Crisis

… the machine when I heard some Greek expletives and saw a commotion in front of me. The ATM ran out of money. I spent … as a desirable vacation destination. This success was superficial. At the close of the games, the Greek government … Commission, the European Central Bank, and the IMF—Greece’s creditors—rejected the proposals and would only agree to …
From left to right, Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, and Vice President Dick B. Cheney having a working lunch in 2007.

Foreign Policy Doesn’t Need a Mandate

… executive. History suggests that even a president primarily committed to enacting a domestic agenda can achieve significant foreign policy … optimism about the Bush administration’s ability to supersede such obstacles. Although not a serious student of …
Haze obscuring image of rooftops in China

The Greening of China?

… great paradox. With its fast-growing economy, China has become the leading producer of CO2 (though not on a per-capita basis). Simultaneously, it has become the world's leading producer of green and renewable … environment, and what global role China might play in the coming years in confronting climate change. ( Image Source ) …
President Harry Truman in 1945.

Can This Election Produce Another Hundred Days?

… upon when he won approval of the Securities and Exchange Commission, Social Security, unemployment insurance, a … flourished. Reagan and his supporters embraced the recommendations of the economist Milton Friedman that relied … Large sectors of the population are saddled with expanding credit-card debt, many having to pay interest that was …
Marina Silva (PSB)

10/21/2014: Top Ten Origins: Brazil's Presidential Elections

… economically most important countries in the world, the outcome of these elections is significant not just for … During the "Lost Decade" of the 1980s Brazil owed foreign creditors $105 billion, but by 2009 Brazil provided the … the Military Dictatorship   By the mid-1960s, increasing domestic and international political polarization, as well as …
Aerial view of Hiroshima before the bombing

Bombing Hiroshima

… its efforts to build atomic bombs after a series of shortcomings and failures convinced its government to focus on a different super weapon program: a death ray that would have used … Istukushima Shrine which is both a UNESCO "World Heritage Site" and less than 30 kilometers from downtown Hiroshima. …
Cover of A History of Iran Empire of the Mind by Michael Axworthy.

Iran for Beginners

Review of A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind, by Michael Axworthy (New York. Basic Books. 2008)
… covers an enormous span of time, from the earliest times up to the present day, in a clear, easy-to-read, and … its weather, and the origin of the word "Persian," which comes from Fars province in southwestern Iran, home to Iran's most ancient archaeological sites, Persepolis and Pasargadae. (He also mentions that the …
Cover of Krupp: A History of the Legendary German Firm by Harold James.

Blood and Steel

Review of Krupp: A History of the Legendary German Firm, by Harold James (Princeton University Press, 2012)
… Krupps of "pillage of the continent" and "slave labor crimes." 1 Partially as a result, the name Krupp has become synonymous with war profiteering, armaments and the … does, but the latter makes up for this deficit with the superior accuracy of his account. The protagonists of James' …
Heroin bust.

Devising a Drug-Free World (Prologued, Season 2, Episode 3)

… on Drugs, it isn’t colonial China or Japan or Mexico that comes to mind…it's the United States. And for good reason. … Brady Siff previously explained, California was a critical site of development for drug prohibition beginning with the … Afghan drug politics is that Afghanistan is neutral.   (credits) Brionna Mendoza This season of Prologued was …
Joseph Ambrose, an 86-year-old World War I veteran, attends the dedication day parade for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in 1982. Wearing a doughboy uniform like the ones used during the war, he is holding an American flag. It covered the casket of his son Clement, who was killed in the Korean War.

Tributes of Silence, the Honor of Words

… This years Veterans Day comes in the wake of fierce political campaigning over which … drove this fall’s march of troops through dueling political commercials. But history and tradition both suggest more …
American soldiers land near Algiers

Torch: The Allied Invasion of French North Africa, 1942

… the Axis, operation Torch constituted the biggest and most complex amphibious landing to that point in world history.  … pressure on British armies fighting in Egypt , American domestic pressure , British strategic interests in the … terrain separated the invasion’s three proposed landing sites in Morocco and Algeria. Stormy winter forecasts …
A Jewish menorah, which is used during Hanukkah.

How Hanukkah Became the Jewish Christmas

… been a minor Jewish festival. Yet this holiday — which commemorates the successful Israelite revolt in the second … including the newly secularized Christmas. “Santa Claus visited the East Side last night,” the New York Tribune noted … tenement house.” Jews installed Christmas trees in their homes, and their children sang carols in the public schools. …
Barack Obama in 2008

How Eloquence Has Paved the Way to the White House

… into the White House primarily because they were effective communicators. In recent weeks the public has heard a good … Obama's eloquence. Critics have ridiculed his inspiring messages about "change." Columnist Robert Samuelson has said … David Brooks believes Americans will soon feel "Obama Comedown Syndrome," especially when they recognize that his …
American Union Bank, New York City. April 26, 1932.

The Bailout: A Far Cry from Socialism

… “Socialism!” That’s the alarm many conservative commentators and legislators are sounding about the latest … to socialism. Unless the government’s investment in banks comes with effective government oversight, the real problem is … banks and to businesses that right now can’t get the credit they routinely depend upon. If the plan succeeds, …
Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War, by Harry S. Stout Book cover.

Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War

Review of Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War, by Harry S. Stout (New York: Viking, 2006)
… a new "civil religion," a new sense of the nation's "messianic destiny," which Stout sees as the war's defining … 24,000 casualties, yet religious leaders only became more committed to their crusades and more strident in their … In Stout's hands the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 becomes the tool of a "total war," a war brought home to …
Evo Morales in 2006.

Once More, Bolivians Seek Independence

… Bolivia’s new president, Carlos Mesa, came to power in mid-October after violent protests … are only make things worse. America’s goals in Bolivia come down to two things: limiting the production of cocaine … national resources that will benefit the country. Bolivians compared the recent protests to the most famous rebellion in …
The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, by Lorenz M Luthi Book Cover

Clashing Shades of Red

Review of The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, by Lorenz M Luthi (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008)
… and acts increasingly as the capitalist-system's primary creditor.  That doesn't necessarily mean that we're on the … in the Cold War — it drove decision-making within the communist bloc through the 1950s.  For Lüthi, alternative … surface their game was lopsided — "Khrushchev was heading a superpower with increasing commitments around the world, …
George Holliday's footage of Rodney King being beaten by police in 1991

The 1992 Los Angeles Rebellion: “No Justice, No Peace”

… evidence of the LAPD’s excessive use of force and confirmed complaints of police brutality made by black and Latino … Gates, the adoption of community policing, new training and supervisory procedures, and a series of structural reforms … after police found not guilty. (Photo from framework.latimes.com) The acquittal came on the heels of Judge Joyce …

Are Women People? The Equal Rights Amendment Then and Now

… victory signals that the ERA has a renewed chance to become the 28 th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. To be … but most people, historians and activists alike, agree that credit or blame, depending on whom you ask, belongs to … Are women people? Maybe. But mothers, as a cross between superhero and maidservant, are not. The 24-Hour Woman  In …
Ukrainian soldier with blue and yellow ribbon overlay

Understanding the War in Ukraine: Insights from the Recent Past, 1991—Present

… Dr. Angela Brintlinger  Welcome, everybody. I went ahead and turned off my email so it … standing fell to a new low. The Soviet Union had been a superpower to rival the United States for world domination. … a subset of the Russians, he's achieved the exact opposite. Because this has inspired a great deal of Ukrainian …
Close-up of Indian couple's hands during wedding ceremony

Reproductive Politics and the Making of Modern India

… Nicholas Breyfogle: Hello, and welcome to Reproductive Politics and the Making of Modern … all, many thanks to all of you who are making the time to come here today on what is at least in Columbus, Ohio, a … believed that famine and death were the inevitable outcomes. We know now that this was empirically untrue. Indian …
Harry Beck’s London Underground Railway map, designed in 1931 and released to the public in 1933.

All Aboard!: A Train Ride through the British Twentieth Century in 100 Maps

Review of A History of the Twentieth Century in 100 Maps, by Tim Bryars and Tom Harper (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2014)
… Welcome aboard the train, British History ! In preparation for … between our alliance railway, the United States, and our nemesis, the Soviet Union , this train continues its ascent to … are rather uneven; maps utilizing zoomorphic imagery are superbly interrogated, while gender and race are treated too …
The Temple of Kukulkan at Chichén Itzá.

A Postcard From Chichén Itzá

… Walking through Chichén Itzá, one of the central and sacred sites of the empire, visitors can both see and hear … creating the sound of Kukulkan’s tail, rattling seven times. The Temple of 1,000 Pillars at Chichén Itzá. Historians … Chichén Itzá is now preserved as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It stands as a vast historical source that enables …