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Apres Poutine ? Les Elections Presidentielles Russes

… 2007, les citoyens russes ont voté, sans surprise, à plus de 60 % pour le parti présidentiel Russie Unie, soutenu par Vladimir Poutine. Le Parti communiste arrive en second avec seulement 11 % des voix, … Apres Poutine ? Les Elections Presidentielles Russes …

The Road to Same-Sex Marriage: Lesbian Mothers, Gay Fathers, and the American Family

… of Lesbians and Gays Everywhere—organizations that had come out of gay-father activism of the 1980s—wrote a brief … draw invidious distinctions between families headed by opposite-sex parents and families headed by same-sex parents, … that gay and lesbian parenthood is new is actually connected to the longstanding cultural notion in American …
sign that states - can't vote

Why Some Votes Have Counted Less Than Others

Grade Level
9-12
Teaching Area
US History since 1877
African American History
American Government
… This lesson plan studies the history of African-American … how the disenfranchisement of criminal offenders was common before the Civil War. Following the 13th and 14th … during the Silent Discussion activity. How can you connect a historical disenfranchisement law and a modern form …
The flag of Ethiopia under the rule of the Derg, 1975-1987

Blind Aid: Lessons (Not Learned) from the Ethiopian Famine

… hundreds [of] thousands of people who will die.” Vasset’s comments encapsulated the international response to the … many humanitarian aid efforts continue to have the opposite of their intended effect. International Response At the … Ethiopia. Impact of International Aid As money began to pour in, international leadership and humanitarian …
Government of National Unity in 2009. Left to right: Arthur Mutambara, Robert Mugabe, Morgan Tsvangirai, and Thabo Mbeki.

A Lesson for South Africa? Zimbabwe’s Path to Multi-Party Rule

… smooth. Unlike other countries such as Botswana, Zambia, Lesotho, and Swaziland (now Kingdom of Eswatini), all of … 1965 to official independence in 1980.   Political factors complicated matters. Since the early 1960s, the British … rule, a move that was condemned by the international community. In response, members of the United Nations (UN) …
Image of T2 Atomic Demolition Munition from the 1950s.

The Test-Ban Treaty and the Cold War’s Lessons

… When U.S. senators voted to reject the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, they took a giant step … crisis, Kennedy argued that although a deterrent force was necessary Americans could “seek a relaxation of tensions … in Europe and set up a verification system providing for on-site inspections. For the first time, diplomacy led not just …
The Algerian flag.

Torture in Iraq: Lessons from Algeria

… reaction. We tried not to see it. We were shocked, but powerless. At first, revolted; by the end, indifferent. It has to … These French units exploited the unclear lines of their own command authority to act somewhat independently of the rest of the military. This ambiguous command authority also allowed them to set up a vast network …
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife before their assassinations in Sarajevo.

The Enduring Lesson of Sarajevo

… abandoned Czechoslovakia to Nazi aggression, taught the lesson: “Don’t appease dictators.” As the Bush … for a U.S. invasion of Iraq, it should also heed the lesson of Sarajevo: “Don’t start a war without planning for … invasion, the Iraqi military could engage in house-to-house combat or terrorist attacks against U.S. troops in Baghdad …
Cartoon in Punch, 1906.

For Iraq, a Lesson from Africa

… places, to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The lesson is simple and yet has been almost universally ignored … over, as has happened in Africa. Security and elections are necessary but not sufficient conditions for Iraq's ultimate … own independence from tyranny. But before 9/11, astute commentators warned about grandiose calls for democracy to …
 A Chinese laboratory technician conducting tests on SARS.

Corona in Context: Lessons from the SARS Pandemic (2003)

… As the world grapples with the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 , it is important … discovered since the mid-1960s (four of which just cause a common cold in humans). A microscopic image of SARS-CoV It … tracing effective for containment. A vaccine was not necessary to end the SARS pandemic because the combination …
Hospital workers

Corona in context: Lessons from the SARS Pandemic of 2003

Soon after SARS was discovered, labs around the world shared information in search of a cure.
… As the world grapples with the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, it is important … discovered since the mid-1960s (four of which just cause a common cold in humans). Written by Dr. Jim Harris. Narration … or recommendations expressed in this content do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for …
Sign Reading Mask On Stop the Spread

American Individualism & COVID-19 (Lesson Plan)

Grade Level
9-12
Teaching Area
US History since 1877
… Additional Origins Item:  Mobilizing for Common Purpose in the Covid Era This lesson plans asks the essential question: How has the … Individualism created challenges in fighting COVID-19? Files for download:   … American Individualism & COVID-19 (Lesson Plan) …
Portrait of Neville Chamberlain, who was the Prime Minister of United Kingdom during the early months of World War II.

Lessons of Munich

… to hold an international conference on the future of Palestine — with one word: “Munich.” But Bush and the Cold War … really premeditated collusion with the dictators to fight communism elsewhere. Had they carefully examined the … “the two pillars of European peace and buttresses against communism.” At his first meeting with Hitler, he revealed …
Photo of "Fighting Bob" La Follette

Lessons for the Nader Camp: ‘Fighting Bob’ La Follette in 1924

… in a sea of political corruption, a caring man genuinely committed to protecting consumers, promoting peace and … of the day called the regular party candidates "two colorless, time-serving political straddlers." "The forces behind … showing great strength at the expense of the other; both credited him with more support than he really had. But what …
President George W. Bush

Propaganda: Necessary but Difficult

… World War I, President Woodrow Wilson established the Committee on Public Information, led by journalist George Creel, to craft and communicate America’s message. But the nation’s first … has been in short supply. As in every war, propaganda is necessary in the struggle against terrorism. For a …
Soldiers in Kosovo

Kosovo: The Lessons of History?

… “If our bombs are so ‘smart,’ how come they’re always hitting refugees, hospitals and … government doesn’t get its way, it simply uses cruise missiles and cluster bombs.” Her friend chimed in, “I don’t want … cases, the application of military power was justified as necessary for humanitarian ends. But in the final analysis, …
Portrait of President James K. Polk from 1846.

The Lessons of Mr. Polk’s War

… history of foreign occupation, Iraqi civilians would welcome U.S. troops as liberators. Most Iraqis, like most … in 1846, thought otherwise, and popular resistance soon coalesced against the invaders. In both Iraq and Mexico, U.S. … and security studies at Yale. E-mail:  jmankoff@yahoo.com . …
two paper airplanes made out of dollar bills, laying on green grass

Less Bang For The Buck: U.S. "Dollar Weapon" Policy In Historical Perspective

… Because of dollarweapon strategy, the European Economic Community' European Monetary System, and to a lesser extent … has been fixed-exchange-rate system and gold concredited for the end of U.S. autocracy in vertibility, … and the world economy improve, a new loan program was necessary. Enter the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctr;ne, …

Baptized in the Jordan: Restoring a Holy River

… their heads in prayer. Barely five meters away on the opposite shore, two Jordanian soldiers looked on from the shelter of a reed-covered platform – no visitors had come to visit their side of the river yet that day. As the … the Jordan River, restoring the basin as a single interconnected ecosystem and a shared cultural heritage site that …

A Pact with the Devil? The United States and the Fate of Modern Haiti

… dying lay beneath the rubble and remains of their homes and communities, American televangelist Pat Robertson stated … the next 100 years became, in many respects, the exact opposite. Rather than being ignored and excluded, Haiti became … was finally free of its debt to France, it now had a new creditor—the U.S. government and the U.S. banks who made a …
The words "Equal Justice Under Law" which are inscribed on the front of the U.S. Supreme Court building in Washington, D.C.

The Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment

… representation more closely with the voting population. Unless that was changed, southerners would gain representation … too much about it." (Library of Congress) But that did not come to pass. The “no state shall” language was ideally … government-sponsored racial discrimination. In the seventy-plus years since, state and federal courts have extended the …

The Kids Aren’t Alright: The Policymaking of Student Loan Policy

… government repayment options, paying them off with other credit lines or just ignoring them. More interestingly, most … to the cost saving measures of the FDLP, especially when compared to the money funneled to private banks through … can the creditor get out of him? There is no real direct connection between the thousands of dollars borrowed for …