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Six founders of the Algerian FLN: Rabah Bitat, Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, Didouche Mourad, Mohammed Boudiaf, Krim Belkacem and Larbi Ben M'Hidi, 1954

The Evian Accords: An Uncertain Peace

… statement. But in France the image of a presidential candidate making such a declaration in the capital of a … apart over half a century ago was cause for political scandal. This was particularly true among rightwing politicians and their supporters, a substantial number of whom made up …
President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967.

How to Intervene and Get Out

… shopworn Vietnam analogy. That war haunts both supporters and opponents of the 2003 U.S. invasion, and more so as the occupation enters its third year. … the conflict is a “quagmire” dragging down U.S. resources and morale. It’s possible that both are wrong. Why? Because …
Soviet soldiers riding on a combat vehicle in Kabul, Afghanistan in 1986.

The United States Must Learn From the Soviet War in Afghanistan

… Bush has vowed to hunt down those who aided the assailants and punish them severely. The top suspect in the attacks, … the Soviet army enjoyed a numerical advantage in men and weapons over Afghan forces, the Afghani fighters mauled … in 1989, its pride bruised, its reputation bloodied and its spirit broken. The successor Russian army continues …
women with hands raised in air holding a sign protesting the Bhopal Chemical disaster

The Bhopal Chemical Gas Disaster

On the night of 2-3 December 1984, a Union Carbide chemical facility at Bhopal leaked over 27 tons of the highly toxic gas methyl isocyanate, poisoning tens of thousands of people in the middle of the night, most of whom were sleeping in their homes.
… highly toxic gas methyl isocyanate, poisoning tens of thousands of people in the middle of the night, most of whom were … production by Hannah Keller, Dr. Nicholas B. Breyfogle, and Laura Seeger.  Learn More: “40 Years of Confronting … /union-carbides-disaster/basic-facts-figures-numbers-of-dead-and-injured-bhopal-disaster/ “Bhopal gas leak: Battling …
battle at Tenochtitlan

The Fall of Tenochtitlan

After a brutal 75-day siege, the Mexica capital of Tenochtitlan surrendered on August 13, 1521.
… The war cost tens of thousands of lives, civilian and warrior alike. It was a war of atrocity, massacre, and systematic violence. By the end, a few thousandSouth & Central America …
Mexican flag in a square

A Postcard from Mexico City

… As I quickly discovered, Mexico City and its region allow you to travel through centuries and several phases of history. San Juan Teotihuacán, on the … outskirts of Mexico City, thrived as a city nearly two thousand years ago. The rise and decline of the civilization that …
Emperor Haile Selassie I

Haile Selassie I and an Independent Ethiopia

Haile Selassie’s triumphant return to Ethiopia on May 5, 1941, signaled the re‐establishment of the Solomonic Dynasty and a sovereign Ethiopia.
… signaled the re ‐ establishment of the Solomonic Dynasty and a sovereign Ethiopia.  Written by Andrew Carlson. Narration by Dr. Nicholas B. Breyfogle. Production by Laura Seeger and Dr. Nicholas B. Breyfogle. Video and written versions of … signaled the re‐establishment of the Solomonic Dynasty and a sovereign Ethiopia. …
The new Terrorism Confinement Center in El Salvador, which opened in February 2023, was built to detain thousands suspected gang members.

Marching Back to the Past: Militarism in El Salvador

… in order to prioritize a crackdown on gang activity and violence.  While President Nayib Bukele and the National Police reported very few homicides during these months, and while a majority of members of the legislative assembly … South & Central America …
The Algerian flag.

Torture in Iraq: Lessons from Algeria

… They could, however, be the words of torturers everywhere and in every era. The French case provides eerie parallels … allegations about the use of torture in Iraq, Afghanistan and Guantanamo. A democracy like the United States, France … Algerian situation. Its rejection of Geneva protections, and the consequent acceptance of harsher methods of …
General Sandino and Staff standing near a car

The Sandino Manifesto and the Birth of the Nicaraguan Revolution

On July 1, 1927, the Nicaraguan revolutionary leader Augusto Nicolás Calderón de Sandino, a.k.a. Augusto “César” Sandino, proclaimed his manifesto extolling continued Nicaraguan resistance against U.S. intervention in his country.
… revolutionary leader Augusto Nicolás Calderón de Sandino, a.k.a. Augusto “César” Sandino, proclaimed his manifesto extolling continued … production by Katherine Weiss, Dr. Nicholas B. Breyfogle, and Laura Seeger.     … revolutionary leader Augusto Nicolás Calderón de Sandino, a.k.a. Augusto “César” Sandino, proclaimed his …
A wood engraving of President Woodrow Wilson from 1918.

The Osama bin Laden of 1916

… Last week’s attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon have elicited frequent allusions to the … cases an attack without warning cost the United States thousands of lives, and stirred fear and anger. As in 1941, the event has united … South & Central America …
US Marines fight rebellious Boxers outside Beijing Legation Quarter, 1900 – copy of painting by Sergeant John Clymer

The Boxer Rebellion

… The Boxers, or  Yihequan (“Righteous and Harmonious Fists” in Chinese), arose in Qing  China  at … of the 20th century as a reaction against foreign influence and a rejection of  Western imperialism .  The Qing Dynasty, … such as the  Opium Wars with the British (1839-1841), and domestic unrest, like the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864), …
Amritsar Massacre

The Amritsar Massacre (1919)

The massacre and continued police brutality were turning points in Indian anti-colonialism.
… crowd of Indians. Learn what led up to the massacre and its repercussions. Written by Archana Venkatesh. … Dr. Nicholas B. Breyfogle. Video production by Laura Seeger and Dr. Nicholas B. Breyfogle. Audio production by Paul … team includes Editors Nicholas Breyfogle, Steven Conn and David Steigerwald; Managing Editors Lauren Henry, Sarah …
posters of 50 candidates in a Japanese election

Japanese Politics in Flux: Mixing Idealism and Realism

… AROUND THE WORLD Japanese Politics in Flux: Mixing Idealism and Realism ~fter almost forty years of relative stasis, the … in the maJonty for the first time since 1955. Both Japanese and foreign analysts are striving to understand the process of change and the path which the politics of …
North Korea's prime minister Kim Il-sung and China's premier Zhou Enlai tour Beijing in 1958.

China Holds the Key to the North Korea Problem

… of the United Nations for failing to deter aggression and preserve world peace. That blame is misplaced. In this case, responsibility for controlling North Korea, and the ability to do so, falls squarely on China.   The way … that might precipitate a world war.   When Great Britain and the United States developed the first plans for the UN …
Cover of "Our Hemisphere"? The United States in Latin America, from 1776 to the Twenty-First Century by Britta H. Crandall and Russell C. Crandall.

Episodes of Ambivalent Empire

Review of “Our Hemisphere”? The United States in Latin America, from 1776 to the Twenty-First Century by : Britta H. Crandall and Russell C. Crandall (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2021)
… to the Venezuelan government, “The Monroe Doctrine is alive and well, it’s our hemisphere.” Bolton’s quote is the point of departure for Britta and Russell Crandall's survey of the nearly two and half centuries of the … from 1776 to the Twenty-First Century by : Britta H. Crandall and Russell C. Crandall (New Haven and London: Yale …
Flag of the People's Republic of China

With Enemies Like These…

… which country had the best claim to a group of small islands located in the East China Sea, to the flurry of … how Deng Xiaoping’s death may affect the People’s Republic and our relations with its leadership.   One curious thing … The pair in question, Taiwan’s President Lee Teng-hui and Disney CEO Michael Eisner, are individuals who otherwise …
Escobar: Paradise Lost, directed by Andrea Di Stefano

2/6/2015: At the Movies: Escobar

… Escobar: Paradise Lost is the directorial debut of Andrea Di Stefano, who also wrote the film. Set in Colombia … surfer Nick (Josh Hutcherson of The Hunger Games fame) and Maria (played by Spanish television star Claudia … by Benicio Del Toro). Escobar: Paradise Lost,  directed by Andrea Di Stefano Del Toro is not the lead, and this is …
The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, by Lorenz M Luthi Book Cover

Clashing Shades of Red

Review of The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, by Lorenz M Luthi (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008)
… major event?  1. the end of the Cold War; 2. September 11 and its aftermath; or 3. the rise of China.  A bit … argument for answer C.  The collapse of the Soviet Empire and the start of America's so-called "War on Terror" will be … It controls much of the world's manufacturing-core and acts increasingly as the capitalist-system's primary …
Alfonso García Robles at the Public Hearing on Nuclear Weapons and Disarmament in 1981.

A Model for a Nuclear-Free Middle East

… still exist in the Middle East. Israel has nuclear weapons, and its rival Iran is suspected of developing them. Other … may resort to nuclear weapons as a response to Israel's and Iran's possession of them. The Middle East can avoid the … crisis almost led to a nuclear war between the Soviet Union and the United States. The Soviet missiles were eventually …
Ration distribution point.

The Other War in Pakistan

… Defeating the Taliban and al-Qaida is only one part of the struggle to build peace … to win Pakistanis over to the side of the United States and away from the Taliban and al-Qaida. Aiding the refugees is clearly in the national … South Asia …
U.S. soldiers walking through rubble in Manila

The Battle for Manila

Public memory of the battle for Manila includes a mixture of gratitude toward the Americans, nationalistic defiance, and horror.
… of gratitude toward the Americans, nationalistic defiance, and horror. The liberation claimed the lives of a thousand Americans, 16,000 Japanese, and 100,000 Manileños, one tenth of the population. Written … of gratitude toward the Americans, nationalistic defiance, and horror. …