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… collapse of the USSR in 1991. Known as North Pole-32, it was the thirty-second drift monitoring station Russians had … the scientists stayed at the outpost until March 2004, when the ice destabilized, shooting up huge ridges, … pictures of them were held up alongside of likenesses of Lenin, Stalin, and Mikhail Kalinin. Even in the U.S., the …

… When confronted with foreign challenges, President Donald Trump has preferred one response above all others: economic sanctions. Trump has tightened embargoes on … trade networks and the global financial system has become Washington’s foreign policy tool of choice. Indeed, the few …

… the war’s consequences continue to shape our world today. When ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announced to the world … Force landed in Europe early in the summer of 1917 but it wasn’t until late October that they saw sustained fighting … of memorials to soldiers, the Soviets put up homages to Lenin and other revolutionary leaders that can still be …

… whom I have known for years. I wanted to find out how they were faring in the midst of the turmoil that has … family is familiar with political defeat: the elder Odinga was bested by Kenya's first post-independence president, … pressures have exerted significant influences. When Nobel Prizewinning author Ngugi wa Thiong'o says that …

… King Richard III of England (r. 1483-1485) died fighting in the Battle of Bosworth Field. The victor, Henry Tudor, was promptly crowned King Henry VII (r. 1485-1509).   This … to see Henry and Richard as polar opposites, especially when the literature after the battle categorized the kings …

… I stand at the bow of the ferry as the water of the White Sea comes in … People have come to Solovki for thousands of years, but it wasn’t until the late 15 th century that humans began to … to take advantage of the rich fishing in the waters nearby. When winter came they would return to their homes on the …

… recent, quasi-confessional speech about his religion and the role of religion in the town square, Romney said: … wants to join, tells a story of moral decline: America was once great and righteous and true, and now we have slid … of this separation to William Penn’s Philadelphia. When he founded the City of Brotherly Love in the 1680s he …

… The city of Yonkers, N.Y., has canceled its Memorial Day … the observance is fading as an American holiday. A sad fact when you remember the history of its placement on the U.S. … to exhume and reinter scattered Confederate remains in the Washington, D.C. area in a special section of Arlington and …

… Now that the Obama-Clinton battle is over, the Democrats face another fight that could split the party. In July, when the 186 members of the platform committee meet, they’ll … antiwar stance, in the primaries he charged that McGovern was too weak to stand up to America’s enemies. After …

… executive Elon Musk, has been reshaping and reducing the government.  A colleague in Germany wrote to me with … to monitor the public and elected officials. This was managed by what  David Wise and Thomas Ross called in … . He observes that these militant measures first emerged when fear of Communism justified what he calls …

… In the final weeks of the presidential campaign, an unexpected … This difference revives a debate that most of us thought was settled nearly 50 years ago. In the early 1950s, it was … remained largely a historical curiosity until this year, when the Bush campaign began promoting its own version of …

… drifter and petty criminal, raised a bathroom window at the rear of Bessie Brewer’s Rooming House on South Main … Model 760 rifle across the street at the Lorraine Motel . When he saw Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. step onto the … at St. Joseph’s Hospital pronounced Dr. King dead. He was 39. As word of the tragedy spread throughout Memphis, a …

… Though his name is barely known in the West, the Emperor Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707) stands out as … and committing genocide.  To some South Asian Muslims, he was an exemplary orthodox ruler, whose conquests brought … of earlier generations and current political movements. When Aurangzeb took power, the Mughal Empire had ruled large …

… In Petrograd—as the too-German-sounding “St. Petersburg” was renamed during the war—cracks appeared in the form of … Practically overnight, Russia had become, at least in Lenin’s famous description, “the freest country in the … The tragedy that followed “reminds us what happens when aggression, selfishness and the unbridled ambitions of …

… When President Clinton named historian John Hope Franklin to chair the Advisory Board of the President’s Initiative on Race in … “To Secure These Rights,” released 50 years ago on Oct. 29, was a political bombshell, calling for the “elimination of …

… When was the last time you used a landline phone to make a … system would not officially emerge until the 1860s when cables were improved to endure oceanic conditions.) …

… As we near the centennial of the 19 th Amendment—and with the … thing, as a new voting group, women's turnout at the polls was much lower than men's and it remained, it remained lower … politics.   Dr. Susan Hartmann  But they didn't renew it, when they realized they passed it. I think, because they did …

… This Friday, December 1st, for the first time since Mexico's modern revolution in … States survived an acid test of constitutional government when Thomas Jefferson's party peacefully replaced John … Adams's. What made that distant election of 1800 so epochal was that it was the first peaceful transition between …

… The history of the US woman suffrage movement is usually … overlooks how profoundly international the struggle was from the start. Suffragists from the United States and … mixed-sex audience—embraced a diasporic vision of freedom when she asked in 1832: “How long shall the fair daughters …

… diverse crowd led an uprising at New York’s Stonewall Inn. The event has become iconic in popular memory as the spark … with other marginalized people’s fights for inclusions when he saluted freedom fighters “through Seneca Falls , and … of what happened are well established. The Stonewall was a seedy gay club in New York’s Greenwich Village—the …

… On December 1, World AIDS Day, should we wish the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) a happy birthday? We … contact, probably during butchering or hunting chimpanzees. When the simian virus entered the human’s blood stream, it … B suggest that HIV could have spread widely. And it was in 1959, the last year of Belgian rule in the Congo, …