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View of Tbilisi as seen from Narikala, the city's medieval citadel.

A Postcard from Georgia and Azerbaijan

… The Caucasus Mountains are one of history’s great transition and contact regions, … the robe is preserved inside the present-day cathedral. One day, the legend continues, an enormous Lebanese cedar … only after St. Nino spent an entire night praying for it to come back. From its bark, once it was grounded, flowed holy …
November 2004. Cleveland voting station for 2004 Presidential election.

The Unpredictability of an Unhappy Electorate

… knew all along that this was precisely what would happen. One of the preferred approaches of conservative pundits has … and 33 in the Senate, it would be silly to say that any one issue determined the direction of the vote. Nonetheless, … hand, would be wise not to take the recent election outcome as a clear mandate that Americans support an aggressive …
Egyptian Leader Gamal Abdel-Nasser

Egypt Once Again Bans the Muslim Brotherhood, Sixty Years Later

… to eliminate the Brotherhood as an organization, even after one of its members had been elected president, Mohamed … to celebrate the signing of a new treaty with Britain, one which he said would usher in a new era of independence … to occupy the Suez Canal zone. Nasser, who did not become Egypt’s official head of state until 1956, came to …
typewriter

Between Black and White

The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations
… The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations … Between Black and White: The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations … Betw-een Black and -white: The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations Despite the … symbolized in the popular saying "we are becoming one people," represents an ideology entirely different from …
Ludwig van Beethoven in front of sheet music from his first symphony.

Beethoven’s First Symphony

… Burgtheater Theater. It was the dawn of a new century, one in which advances in science, industrialization, … the aristocracy-based patronage system, which had sustained composers for generations.  Now, middle-class audiences … as a symphonist was no small proposition, however. For one thing, although the new bourgeois public demanded music, …
"Where do we go from here?," a 1920 cartoon depicting the League of Nations Covenant and the Treaty of Versailles

The Versailles Treaty Fight

… The meeting was marked by a most conspicuous absence. One seat at the main table, where the Council’s permanent … for Woodrow Wilson. The President of the United States had done more than any to promote the League’s cause. His wartime … in the form of Uncle Sam withholding the keystone to complete the "League of Nations Bridge." The traditional way …
Women at desk marked "Learn to Vote"

So...what now? (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 4)

… the polls were moved to schools and churches and community centers. There was some change in how candidates … election speech. And the Republicans also took out an ad in one magazine, a sewing magazine for women, and it told women … the interwar period was difficult. Following World War One, American politics shifted as the Progressive Era …
Portrait photograph of woman, boy and two dogs, ca. 1890s.

How Dogs Became Our Faithful Family Companions

… were often labeled luxuriant leeches. However, by 1900, the common dog was a faithful companion and beloved family member. While not everyone then—nor now—accepted dogs, their place in modern life … the trendiest 18th-century English pet.  Dogs transitioned into their new role as family pets due to evolving …
Ukrainian refugees sheltering beneath a bridge in Kyiv, March 5, 2022.

“The Tragedy Has Never Left Us.” On the War in Ukraine

… not obscure the fact that this conflict, with all its complexity and tragedy, belongs firmly to the present. This … crowded train station in Kharkiv on March 2, 2022 resembles one packed with refugees from 1941 doesn’t mean the two … timelessness of human suffering, since that tactic has been one of the most effective tools of the humanitarian project …
Saxonburg Memorial Church.

Does the First Amendment Separate Church and State?

… Delaware Senatorial candidate Christine O'Donnell's recent comment–wondering whether “separation of church and state” … not within his power in any case–but simply to offer one practical construction of the Amendment's broad language … amendment. These would have prohibited establishing "one religious sect or society in preference to others," or …

As Cuba and the United States Reengage: The Presence of the Past

… without understanding what preceded it. “There is a complicated history between the United States and Cuba,” … cut loose the shackles of the past,” President Castro summoned history not as rationale for change but as a reason for … later, Castro told the Cuban National Assembly that “no one should expect Cuba to renounce the ideas for which it …
Nixon shakes hands with Chinese leader Mao Zedong.

Nixon and China, Bush and Cuba?

… Fidel Castro is not exactly welcoming the new president of the United States with open … he hoped Bush “is not as stupid as he seems.” But there is one way that Bush could probably improve his image, not only … eyes but in the eyes of millions world-wide. There is one way he could dispel some of the concern about his lack …
 SPLM rally in Southern Sudan, 2010. (Image by U.S. Institute of Peace)

Tribal Militias in Sudan

… infrastructure of Sudan ’s capital city, Khartoum.  On one level, the war began because SAF leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF commander General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemeti, … to land, resources, and government services dependent on one’s ethnic identity. The British viewed Sudan as …
Undated photo of the Reichstag building in Berlin, Germany.

Democracy-Building Will Be Tougher This Time

… and factional and ethnic rebellions since the mid-1930s. No one there can remember an extended period of guaranteed … had literate, talented, industrially and technologically competent populations, a huge help in building a modern … in a way we assume Iraq will not be, making them more prone to accept the Allies’ democratic program. The Japanese …
Illustration of the duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr (1887)

The Hamilton-Burr Duel

… next day. Hamilton’s premature death transformed him from one of the last stalwarts of the fading Federalist Party to … of Lin Manuel Miranda’s musical Hamilton , he has also become a pop culture icon. Meanwhile, as the character of … Aaron Burr puts it in Hamilton: “He may have been the first one to die / But I’m the one who paid for it.” The duel …
A Nuclear Power Plant in the Untied Kingdom against a blue sky.

How Green Is the Atom?

The Past–and Future–of Nuclear Energy in the United States
… contended that nuclear power was a green technology and one of the most promising ways to slow global warming … industry representatives, but many environmentalists have come to see nuclear power as key to end world dependence on fossil fuels. Nuclear power seems one thing on which  U.S. Republicans and Democrats can agree …
Generals Eisenhower and Patton at the Ohrdruf Concentration Camp

On the Liberation of the Concentration Camps

… the end of World War II in Europe. This year as in previous ones, Europeans commemorated VE (Victory in Europe) Day with a combination … also encountered throngs of emaciated, starving prisoners, abandoned by the retreating German forces. According … Milestones …
Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Justus Sustermans

400 Years Ago the Catholic Church Prohibited Copernicanism

What lessons can be learned from the thought and actions of Galileo, who became the “Father of Modern Science”?
… continues to our day. Do these Church actions prove the incompatibility between science and religion? What lessons can … attracted few followers. At first, Galileo himself was not one of them, although he was interested because his new … model (bottom) Galileo supported. In February-March 1615, one Dominican friar filed a written complaint against him, …
John D. Rockefeller in 1914.

Bill Gates — Another Rockefeller or Another Ford?

… has ordered Microsoft broken in two, and the appeal has gone to the Supreme Court. Why is Microsoft in so much … Americans have hated political and economic bullies. "Free competition" has always been our rallying cry and the … built the world's greatest economy–and sued 40 "bad" ones that preyed on smaller fry. The most notorious was the …
Cover of Sexual Injustice Supreme Court Decisions from Griswold to Roe by Marc Stein.

The Sexual Revolution that Wasn’t Quite

Review of Sexual Injustice: Supreme Court Decisions from Griswold to Roe, by Marc Stein (University of North Carolina Press)
… and 1970s, the height of the sexual revolution and during one of the most progressive periods in the Court's history.  … the time, and that nature is not entirely consistent with one that has been celebrated by liberals and condemned by … Instead, the holding is evidence of a much more tenuous commitment to a liberal sexually revolutionizing agenda.  …
Shells of burnt-out busses after a suicide bombing

The Terrors of Suicide Bombing

… Patrick Potyondy  Welcome to History Talk , the history podcast for everyone, produced by Origins: Current Events and Historical … a technological system every bit as much. I think, I think one really useful characteristic of the concept of suicide …