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1866 cartoon by Daumier, L’Equilibre Européen, representing the balance of power as soldiers of different nations teeter the earth on bayonets.

Democracy by Force, or by Example?

… Spreading democracy has become the nation’s principal foreign policy goal. Yet there … to fight. But many wanted the United States to do something official. Congressman Daniel Webster, ever attuned to public … one member said, should have nothing to do “with the wrongs committed by other Governments against those whom they …
Official Program: Woman Suffrage Procession, Washington DC March 3, 1913

I have many things to say (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 2)

… call the Anthony Amendment, and what would eventually become the 19th Amendment. But not for a long time. California … also employed a state focused strategy that lobbied state officials to propose state constitutional amendments … Oranjudio. Song and band information can be found on our website, and we encourage our listeners to visit episode …
Auguste Chouteau—Founder of St. Louis and Head of the Chouteau family

Blood Rules the Water: Kinship Diplomacy in Early America

Review of Masters of the Middle Waters: Indian Nations and Colonial Ambitions Along the Mississippi, by Jacob F. Lee (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019)
… his reader back to a Middle America before Europeans, as commercial and military power shifted between Mississippian … White finds that Indigenous nations and French colonial officials were forced to create new ways for cultural and … to place, Lee demonstrates that it is, in fact, a universal commonality shared by Indigenous peoples, Francophones, and …
 SPLM rally in Southern Sudan, 2010. (Image by U.S. Institute of Peace)

Tribal Militias in Sudan

… because SAF leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF commander General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemeti, … but fighting among Janjaweed collaborators. UNAMID officials say 80 to 90 percent of the violent deaths … where Arabs are in the majority. South Darfur is also the site of the most serious rebellion against the government by …
Black Panther

Searching for Wakanda: The African Roots of the Black Panther Story

… was elaborated in the next issue (#53, August 1966). Marvel Comics’ dynamic duo Stan Lee and Jack Kirby created the … , who has penned the storylines for the Black Panther comic since 2016, has also pointed to Ethiopia , a country … helped defeat forces that remained loyal to Lumumba. Official portrait of Patrice Lumumba as the Democratic …
Emperor Süleyman

Süleyman the Magnificent

… his empire. When Süleyman was made sultan, his kingdom encompassed the peoples and territories of the Balkans, … of Croatia and Hungary, allowing the bulk of Hungary to come under Ottoman rule. Years later, Süleyman himself died … curtailed by local custom. It was expected that Ottoman officials would have a knowledge of local practices and …
The hazards of an enclosed work environment – a typist with cloth mask during the influenza pandemic in 1918.

The Respirator and Cloth Mask

… understandings of how disease is transmitted within the community. As a general rule, respirators function by … This served to loosen the mucus membranes and provided a comforting insulation from the cold, allowing the wearer to … of lowland Bengal took a physical toll on the soldiers and officials of the East India Company. Upon returning to …

Sudan in Crisis

… coexisted with Egyptian schools, missionary schools, community schools, and Sudanese private schools. In the … in northern schools, the linguistic situation was more complicated in the south, where local vernaculars, English, … tribal units from the rest of the country. Northern officials were transferred out of the south, trading permits …
Mr. Ernesto Zedillo, Chair GDN Board of Directors, kicks off the 10th annual GDN conference.

Broken Promises in Mexico

… bilateral trade, illegal immigration, and joint efforts to combat drug trafficking. Political reform in Mexico should … these words of praise ring hollow. Zedillo has shown little commitment to reform. In fact, he recently supported … from a combination of patronage, fraud, and repression. PRI officials oversee a patronage network which includes most of …

The Catholic Church and Sexual Abuse, Then and Now

… changing sexual mores since the 1960s. Occasionally, commentators have referred to an insular institutional … Yet today’s crisis of the Catholic Church, which commentators have called the gravest since the Reformation , … air confessional from the Netherlands in 1740 ( right ). Official guidelines sought to curtail the risk that these …
The United States Declaration of Independence

The Writing Is Faded, the Message Lives

… And when the Declaration was examined in 1820, government officials feared that its ink was fading. In an effort to … was brilliant, but the process nearly destroyed the text. Compounding the damage was the decision in 1841 to put the … to monitor the condition of the document using a $3 million computerized camera system designed by the Jet Propulsion …
India and Pakistan highlighted on a map.

“Open Skies” for India and Pakistan?

… Open Skies missions would provide that Indian and Pakistani officials work together on observation flights. This type of … bin Laden himself, are in that area. For the international community to finish off al-Qaida, uninterrupted cooperation …
A memorial to the Heaven’s Hundred in Kyiv. Serhii Kemsky’s photo is in black and white under the words Nebesna sotnia.

Heroes Never Die

… Maidan could unite to take direct action against government officials. “None of this will be easy,” he wrote in a …
Women of the Association of Families of the Detained-Disappeared demonstrate in front of La Moneda Palace during the Pinochet military regime.

In Historical Truths, the Road to an Open Society

… were right-wing ideologues who cynically utilized fears of communism to crush opposition to their tyrannical regimes. … a new government established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), the chair of which was Archbishop Desmond … resolution prevailed because police, military and political officials had already received blanket amnesty. Nor did the …

Singapore at Fifty

… From a meagre population of 150 when the British East India Company first set up a factory and trading post on the … transactions were facilitated by the use of Chinese copper coins. Chinese currency facilitated trade not just with … of Java, which operated a currency system based on Chinese coins. A hierarchical economic relationship developed …

Aerial Torpedoes, Buzz Bombs, and Predators: The Long Cultural History of Drones

… us from the ravages of modern warfare, or if they will become the appliances of Orwellian control. What is remarkable … aerial weapons since World War I and has deployed drones in combat in every major conflict since World War II. Since … that ‘today we have destroyed New York.’” Although other officials were more restrained, the army and navy had …
Allen Weinstein

Will They Be the National (Secret) Archives?

… about government and what it has been doing. But officials often prefer to work in secrecy.  The historians' … Assassination Records, and now the files of the 9-11 commission. Decisions about access to these materials should … Collins of Maine, chair of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee and a Republican, noted in Weinstein's …
A traditional glass of Weissbier

Keeping Beer “Pure”: The 1516 Reinheitsgebot

… the price of beer per Maß (a Bavarian liter) and to limit competition for cereal grains used to bake bread. A … or Hefeweizen ) survived in spite of the ban on wheat in commercial and private production. The Duke of Wittelsbach, … brewery in Germany. Still, just a few blocks away from the site of Munich’s famous Oktoberfest beer festival, Sead …