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 SPLM rally in Southern Sudan, 2010. (Image by U.S. Institute of Peace)

Tribal Militias in Sudan

… because SAF leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF commander General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemeti, … backwater, a pawn in power games, by successive rulers ever since . The British also sought to afford greater and more … the start of a process to separate Arab and non-Arab communities, their leaders, and their justice systems.  If a …
A scene from the 1956 Hungarian Revolution

Remembering '56: The Hungarian Revolution

… ill-fated revolution that ended with the re-imposition of Communist rule and the flight of some 200,000 Hungarians to … Hungarian Revolution—a bold but ultimately unsuccessful uprising that nearly expelled Soviet forces from Hungary in late … been stationed in Hungary since 1944. Since his Hungarian Communist Party took power in 1948, Rákosi had presided over …

About Origins

… "For insight into the complicated and complicating events ... , one needs perspective, not … Perspective connects history with today. Every month since 2007, we’ve provided historical insight on current …

'The World's Worst Humanitarian Crisis': Understanding the Darfur Conflict

… called it "genocide." The violence and destruction is often compared to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. These tragic events have riveted the international community and attracted unprecedented media attention. … problem of bad governance that has plagued the Sudan since its independence from British colonial rule in 1956. …
Zog I of Albania in front of the Albania Republic flag.

Albania’s First Republic

… been a part of the  Ottoman Empire ’s European territories since the 15th century, became independent on 28 November … the multireligious provisional government was challenged by competing leadership, most notably the Republic of Central … Italy were unable to control the growing calls for a completely independent Albania. In the summer of 1920, the …
A memorial dedicated to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War (1941-45) in Yaroslavl.

From Kulikovo Field to Kursk: Russia’s Forever War

Review of Russia: The Story of War, by Gregory Carleton (Cambridge, MA and London: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2017)
… Further away from the city center, a sprawling memorial complex known as Victory Park pays homage to Russia’s wars … to demystify Russia’s infatuation with its past wars, condensing nearly 1,000 years of history into a succinct study … war. Russia’s obsession with past triumphs and tragedies in combat has nurtured its sense of “military exceptionalism,” …
President George Bush signing deregulation papers with gas company employees looking on

Texas, Enron, and Energy Monopolies

… – to that list. Texas and energy have been tied together since the start of the twentieth century, when oil was … least some of the blame can go to the now-disgraced energy company, Enron, and its misuse of long-held American … images of the financial slight of hand that ruined the company in 2001. But before that point, both Ken Lay and …
Cover of Civilizations of Ancient Iraq, by Benjamin R. Foster and Karen Polinger Foster.

Babylon Revisited

Review of Civilizations of Ancient Iraq, by Benjamin R. Foster and Karen Polinger Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. pp. xii, 297)
… some ten thousand years ago to the seventh century of the common era. They tell the stories of successive … with a geographical introduction to ancient Iraq, focusing on the central role of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers … known to us) with nearly 1,900 characters utilized for communication. Here, too, the first art-historical …
The 1999 impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton, Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding

How Presidential Power Became Untouchable

… or the Republican who aspires to succeed him. If so, the outcome will reinforce conclusions previously drawn from the … the conduct of national security policy. That legacy deeply compromises our constitutional system. Lessons drawn from … No wonder that John McCain, watching from his Senate seat since 1985 as impeachment efforts repeatedly failed, has now …
One of the McMinnville UFO photographs. Skeptics have concluded that the UFO was a small model suspended by wires or string from the power lines visible at the top of the photo.

The Air Force Investigation into UFOs

… “like a saucer if you skip it across the water.” This phrasing, misquoted by newspaper editors, is likely what lead to … investigating reports of UFOs. To this end it instituted a comprehensive study of UFOs.  This study, known as Project … “misinterpretation of known objects.”  Nevertheless, it recommended continued investigation of all sightings.  Project …
Raising a Flag over the Reichstag by Yevgeny Khaldei (1945).

The Living Ghosts of the Second World War and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

… and Neo-Nazis” who, backed by their NATO allies, were committing “genocide” against Russians.  In justifying the … NATO-backed “Nazi” aggression, which Putin implicitly compared to the Nazi Holocaust against the Jews. In Putin’s … and Ukrainians Putin’s speech last year alluded to “appeasing” Adolf Hitler in 1940 and 1941 but omitted a most …

Should Age Matter? How 65 Came to Be Old and Old Came to Be Ill

… United States. The press, the government, and the medical community claim, often and loudly, that these numbers augur … the country’s resources. Still, amidst the alarmists, a few commentators acknowledge that aging itself has changed. Many … the popular Townsend Old Age Revolving Pension Plan , Upton Sinclair’s End Poverty in California (EPIC) plan, and Robert …
A group of children in Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

… Patrick Potyondy   Welcome to History Talk , the podcast that brings together a … And I'm your other host, Mark Sokolsky. Today, we're discussing religious, national, and ethnic identities in … they changed over time? What do overlapping identities and competing loyalties mean for security, state-building, and …

Influenza Pandemics Now, Then, and Again

… soon found myself in quarantine in Guelph, Ontario. Collapsing with a cough and fever is worrisome at any time. It was … prevent, the next pandemic. The viruses that affect humans come in many types, and their impact on human communities varies considerably according to the qualities …
A portrait of Martin Luther King, Jr.

The Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

… 306, he pulled the trigger. A fraction of a second later, a single .30 caliber bullet from his weapon struck the civil … Memphis, a pall of shock and sadness blanketed the black community. Anguish soon turned to anger. Fearing a riot, the … exploded in the days following Dr. King’s assassination. In communities large and small, stretching from the East Coast …

Making Sense of the 'Hermit Kingdom': North Korea in the Nuclear Age

… significant opposition, the Bush administration quickly complied with the terror-list demand (in return for certain … dispute was now resolved. "I am profoundly disappointed," complained Florida Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen. "By … the greatest thorn in the side of American foreign policy since the end of the Second World War. Yet, while so many in …
Sylvester I and Constantine in a 1247 fresco.

Top Ten Origins: Popes Before 1500

… for new  popes  always so politically fraught? And most pressingly, where do they shop for those amazing robes?   As an … The early version was small (around 30 clerics) and comprised only of “cardinal priests” who served parishes … Nevertheless, Christians in Rome from the third century commemorated Peter as their founding apostle and first …
Hubert Robert's 1785 painting "Fire in Rome," showing the events of 64 CE.

The Ancient Roman Origins of Government Disaster Response

… In the face of disasters we have come to expect that our governments will respond. … and grave expression, personally inspecting the damage or comforting survivors or those who care for them. After the … former Presidents, Bush and Clinton, carrying out fund-raising for relief in the United States. Portrait of Roman …
Cover of Vodka Politics by Mark Lawrence Schrad

Bottoms Up, or Race to the Bottom?

Review of Vodka Politics: Alcohol, Autocracy, and the Secret History of the Russian State, by Mark Lawrence Schrad (New York: Oxford UP, 2014)
… was his only advice, citing a famous and beloved Russian comedy about excessive drinking, Eldar Ryazanov’s 1975 film … The Irony of Fate . Mark Schrad’s book puts that all-too-common Russian experience in a long historical context. And … Russian citizens a year died from alcohol poisoning (370). Since the collapse of communism in 1991, over 400,000 …
Indian bicycle troops are pictured at the Somme in 1916

The Amritsar Massacre

… civilians in Punjab were shot by British soldiers under the command of the now infamous “Butcher of Amritsar.” British … Nehru and his son Jawaharlal, and a man who would soon become very well known—Mohandas K. Gandhi. In 1919, Gandhi was … as the “bard of Bengal,” renounced his knighthood, accusing authorities of purposely covering up and refusing to …
Official Portrait of President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan

“The Reagans”: The Spirit of Censorship Lives

… history. Ed Gillespie, chairman of the Republican National Committee, complained that the CBS script contains language that Ronald … place a disclaimer on the screen every ten minutes advising viewers that the drama contained fictional material. If …

Kosovo's Year Zero: Between a Balkan Past and a European Future

… spelled out, in English, the word Newborn . Fireworks accompanied live appearances by pop stars and elected … denying the legitimacy of the Kosovan declaration and expressing outrage at the "appalling violation" of Serbia's … derailed the otherwise cheerful post-1989 transition from communism to market economy. In either case, however, they …
Bird's-eye-view of the 1993 border blockade enacted by CBP Border Patrol agents in El Paso, Texas as part of Operation Hold the Line.

Fortifying the U.S.-Mexico Boundary: The 1993 “Hold the Line” Experiment

… also proposed deploying advanced drug detection machines to combat the influx of fentanyl, which he claimed was … seizure was Abbott’s way of taking control of border crossings, which he framed as an “invasion” that the federal … opposition to OHL, including one bearing the message “ Todos somos imigrantes ” – “We are all immigrants.”  Local …