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marriage of Marguerite of Anjou and Henry VI in 1445

Power Behind the Throne: The Women of the War of the Roses

Review of Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses, by Sarah Gristwood (New York: Basic Books, 2013)
… of the HBO show Game of Thrones, based on George R. R. Martin’s series of novels by the same title, has renewed interest in the English Wars of the Roses. Martin loosely based the political tangle at the heart of … Gristwood is more ambitious than Gregory or Carter in taking on seven women rather than three as both Gregory and …

Public Debt, Private Wealth: A History of Central Banks

… Since the global financial crisis of 2008, new economic thinking on the right and on the left has, for different … no longer a pressing economic problem. Older historical thinking, however, suggests the opposite: that nation states, just like kingdoms and empires, flounder and fail when they have …

Rash Decisions: Anti-vaccination Movements in Historical Perspective

… (75%) have been reported in New York state. This is a shocking statistic in modern public health. The United States … French watercolor etching of a physician examining a milking maid’s cowpox covered hand, while a farmer (kneeling) … They often told him how they had caught “cowpox” from milking diseased cows. Jenner hypothesized that perhaps it …
A map of northern Ireland

Ending the War in Northern Ireland

… who has purest commitment to the cause, and Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness on the IRA side and Gusty Spence and Billy … were soon displaced by hardline activists: Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness. When the Protestant paramilitary … willing to compromise failed to prevent peace from breaking out. In 1922, rather than let hardliners sabotage the …
A Biafran child suffering the effects of starvation due to the federal blockade during the Nigerian Civil War

“No Victor and No Vanquished” - Fifty Years after the Biafran War

… Region, Sir Ahmad Bello and their wives. The highest-ranking northern military officers were also eliminated, along … also Igbo. The dominance of Igbo officers in the coup, the assassination of the top northern politicians and the … and this time, Igbos were the victims. Many high-ranking Igbo officers, including the General Ironsi, were …
Indian bicycle troops are pictured at the Somme in 1916

The Amritsar Massacre

… could take credit for bringing democracy to India while cracking down on political dissent. Indian troops played many … square (at most only four people can walk abreast). Forsaking the car, Dyer’s men entered the square and assembled … was not alone. While the Hunter Commission and the United Kingdom’s House of Commons recommended his immediate …

The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Ghosts of Ned Ludd

… for Amazing Things ,” for example, promises “adaptive networking, edge cloud, connected security, and collaboration,” … Ludd. You might remember him as the legendary machine-breaking saboteur who was once the scourge of industrial … technological change (to the point that techno-skeptics jokingly adopt the term “Luddite” to describe themselves). To …
Cover of The British Way of War by Andrew Lambert

Redefining Strategy in 20th Century Britain

Review of The British Way of War: Julian Corbett and the Battle for a National Strategy by Andrew Lambert (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021)
… Strategy, Andrew Lambert, Professor of Naval History at King’s College, London, examines the debates surrounding the … strategic uncertainty by elucidating a British way of making war from a vigorous study of past conflicts. He argued the British way of making war consisted of employing the army and navy in …
portion of a movie poster for the movie Mary Queen of Scots, directed by Josie Rourke

At the Movies: Mary Queen of Scots

… French husband, Francis II. Mary lands on the shores of her kingdom amid a brutal struggle for religion. Just two years … piece by using colorblind casting, LGBTQ storylines, and evoking the feeling of the time rather than copying it. French … … Kristin Osborne … On Screen … Europe … United Kingdom … Scotland … Christianity … Women & Gender … At the …
“The great financier, or British economy for the years 1763, 1764, 1765.” This British cartoon depicts the American colonies as a Native American woman, as juxtaposed to British officials and Britannia (far right), demonstrating the disconnect between the colonies and the metropole even though the colonists thought of themselves as full British subjects.

The Old Informing the New

Review of Rethinking America: From Empire to Republic, by John M. Murrin (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018)
Magna Carta document and British Flag

The Legacy of the Magna Carta

June 15, 1215, witnessed the signing of the landmark Magna Carta, the medieval English historic legal document that is seen as the origin of many modern-day legal rights and constitutional principles.
… was in civil war as disaffected barons took up arms against King John, who reigned 1199-1216. Written by Rebecca … principles. … Rebecca Favorito … Europe … Medieval … United Kingdom … The Legacy of the Magna Carta …
anti-communists and nationalists place a Hungarian national flag atop a demolished statue of Josef Stalin

The 1956 Hungarian Revolution

The date, October 23, 1956, marked the beginning of the ill-fated revolution that ended with the re-imposition of Communist rule and the flight of some 200,000 Hungarians to Western Europe and the United States.
… with Hungarians across the globe. Written by Harrison King. Narration by Dr. Nicholas B. Breyfogle. Video … to Western Europe and the United States. … Harrison King … Europe … Soviet Union … Cold War … Hungary … …
Under Attlee's direction, the Labour Party's position on foreign affairs in the 1930s was somewhat inconsistent. A believer in the "collective security" represented by the League of Nations, Attlee opposed rearmament even as he pushed for firmer measures against Nazi aggression.

A Sheep in Sheep’s Clothing

Review of Clement Attlee: The Man Who Made Modern Britain, by John Bew (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2017).
… had done before. For the first time in history, the United Kingdom would be led by a majority government dedicated to … he embraced socialism only in his late twenties. Embarking on a career in social work in the slums of East London, … splendor. Attlee came to see socialism as a means of making Britain live up to the very best of its ideals. Though …
Portrait of Neville Chamberlain, who was the Prime Minister of United Kingdom during the early months of World War II.

Lessons of Munich

… in September 1938, of which Munich was the third, he wrote King George VI candidly that he sought a broad “Anglo-German … but would also attempt to restrain its allies from taking action against Germany. Hitler then assured Chamberlain … Relations … World War II / WWII … United Kingdom … Germany … Lessons of Munich …
Statue of Sancho Panza in Madrid, Spain

Kindred Spirits: Shakespeare and Cervantes in Life and Death

… with types, archetypes, and prototypes. Romeo and Juliet, King Lear and Hamlet, as well as Don Quixote and Sancho … … Ilan Stavans … Milestones … Europe … Spain … United Kingdom … Literature … Early Modern … Kindred Spirits: …
Sir Winston Churchill in 1945.

Churchill on Iraq: “Living on an Ungrateful Volcano”

… it finally granted that nation its independence. In making his case to Prime Minister David Lloyd George, … declared the Arab officials of Iraq’s British-backed King Feisal “incompetent.” He noted the gross … of his character — so much so that I keep a stern-looking bust of Sir Winston in the Oval Office.” If the …
painting - the War of 1812

The Legacy of the War of 1812 Is With Us Still

… mythology. For one thing, it was a misbegotten war. Lacking today’s fast communications, Washington didn’t learn … trade restrictions that were a major U.S. pretext for taking up arms. The war’s final battle, Andrew Jackson’s … Atlantic power. But so did a great slave power. The Cotton Kingdom of the lower South was secured by Jackson’s victory. …
Sir Christopher Wren

The Society That Started It All: The Origins of Modern Science

Review of The Royal Society and the Invention of Modern Science, by Adrian Tinniswood (New York: Basic Books, 2019.)
… John Evelyn, the Society secured a charter by order of King Charles II in 1662 that officially made them "The Royal … Books, 2019.) … Neil Humphrey … Reviews … Europe … United Kingdom … Early Modern … Science & Technology … Intellectual …
Senator J. William Fulbright in 1966.

Advice from the Past about Yugoslavia

… on June 10, 1963, Kennedy indicated the changes in his thinking. He said that the U.S. should seek a “genuine peace” so … us once again seek a world that is “safe for diversity.” Martin Halpern is Fulbright Lecturer in the Faculty of … University, and a writer for the History News Service. … Martin Halpern … History News Service … Europe … Former …
A scene from the 1956 Hungarian Revolution

Remembering '56: The Hungarian Revolution

… and Molotov cocktails proved remarkably effective at knocking out Soviet tanks and repelling assaults at fortified … to suppress the revolution. Imre Nagy and other top-ranking Hungarian officials who had sympathized with the … Hungarians and triggered a mass exodus of civilians seeking refuge in the West.  Today, 1956 serves as a symbol of …
Collage: On the left, a group of men emptying liquor bottles during Prohibition. On the right, a field of marijuana plants

Hooked: Drugs, Prohibition, and American Cities

… history of drug and alcohol regulation in America: Scott Martin on 19th century temperance and alcohol prohibition, … In our first, host Mark Sokolsky speaks with Scott Martin, of Bowling Green, on America's most concerted … the handicaps that it labored under that we've just been talking about. For example, by all accounts, when statisticians …
Queen Mary’s College, opened in 1914.

A Postcard from Madras: A City Born of the Colonial Encounter

… kilometers of land, bounded by the Adyar river and the Buckingham canal in the south and north respectively, on the beach overlooking the Bay of Bengal. Madras was an odd choice for a city … busiest roads, with no pedestrian crossing to reach it! Taking a photo of the War Memorial therefore involves a swift …
 A depiction of the burning of Louisa Mabree, a French midwife and convicted witch, in a cage filled with black cats

The Rise of Freethinkers

Review of The Decline of Magic: Britain in the Enlightenment , by Michael Hunter (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2020)
… such as deism and atheism to the conversation. By tracking the freethinking conversations of the early modern British elite, he … Press, 2020) … Kristin Osborne … Reviews … Europe … United Kingdom … Intellectual History … Christianity … Early Modern …