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Cover of Civilizations of Ancient Iraq, by Benjamin R. Foster and Karen Polinger Foster.

Babylon Revisited

Review of Civilizations of Ancient Iraq, by Benjamin R. Foster and Karen Polinger Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. pp. xii, 297)
… historical survey of ancient Iraq from its earliest history some ten thousand years ago to the seventh century of the common era. They tell the stories of successive … sites in Iraq were well guarded, and the penalty for trafficking illegal antiquities was harsh, often death. All of …
A solemn crowd gathers outside the Stock Exchange after the crash. 1929.

This Year’s Equation: 1920 + 1932 = 2008

… To make the case that an election is momentous, you need to compare it with previous critical ones. The most important … war discredited the party.   The 1968 turning point was somewhat disguised in that year’s election because of the … elected.   In 1920, the incumbent party’s president had become very unpopular as a result of a war that had not …
Russian chemist and educator Dmitrii Mendeleev

Mendeleev's Periodic Table

… weight or to recognize that characteristics recurred on some sort of regular basis. Through much of the nineteenth … chemists had worked to find an organizing principle that encompassed all of the known elements and that could be … characteristics—they were largely inert and resistant to combining with other substances—but the entire set fit …

A New Congo Crisis?

… for current president Joseph Kabila to step down. It has become a cliché to contrast the Congo’s tremendous economic … square miles, Leopold II relied on a set of colonial companies to help run this vast territory. A map of the Congo Free State created sometime after 1920 ( left ). A 1906 map showing revenue …
The image of a Thunderbird on top of a totem pole

“Allese Rondade”, that is to say, ‘Shoot!’”

Review of Thundersticks: Firearms and the Violent Transformation of Native America, by David J. Silverman (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2016)
… Referred to by some as “Thundersticks,” firearms were brought to the … them and Euro-Americans saying “Indian polities used commercial and military leverage to shape these … over the gun trade? During diplomatic negotiations it was common practice to receive gifts as a sign of brotherhood. …
voting button by Steve Rainwater, Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0

Race and Voting, Past and Present

… we do about it? The first episode is the easy one. Barring somebody from the polls on the explicit basis of race … phone line or to check registration lists on a laptop computer. But very few majority-black districts received the … He eventually conceded, but not before his Democratic Party extracted its own concession: Hayes and the GOP would agree …
Dynamiters' train in Indianapolis.

Of Bill Gates, Casey Jones, and the Search for Heroes

… whole cloth. A hundred years later, letters to the editor commenting on the anti-trust suit against Microsoft suggest … to the masses. Maybe he cut corners in cutting out the competition. That can be forgiven or forgotten, just as was … fireman, shouted a warning: "Mr. Casey! We're gonna hit something!" "You jump, Sim; I'll stay!" Webb: "You jump, …
dollar bill with image of capitol building in front of it

Deeper Than the “Deep State”: Follow the Money

… a year into Trump’s second term, his own supporters have become suspicious that even his Justice Department has joined … acceptance of power outside of elected officials. These extra-political forces have been enlisted during wars and … true with many voters, and its  populist appeal  targets (some of) the upper class as culprits for explaining how the …
Minaret Islam Khoja in Khiva

A Postcard from Khiva, Uzbekistan

… history. The train stops in Urgench, a quiet and comparatively modern city of about 150,000 people. Exiting … the earliest inhabitants of Khorezm settled in the region sometime around 2000 B.C.E., and local populations had … fourth century B.C.E. Khorezmians were minting their early coins by the second century B.C.E. A century later the …
Immigrant Rights Protest by Betty Tsang, Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

The Federal War on Immigrants Is a War on All Workers

… of well-publicized workplace raids to terrorize immigrant communities. Although immigrants bear the brunt of these … of workers' rights. The recent increase in worksite raids comes, not coincidentally, at a moment when, despite a … denied them adequate access to lawyers. Even without the extraordinary measure of flying the immigrants halfway …

Alawites and the Fate of Syria

… “elected” president of Syria. The unrest resulted from a combination of socio-economic and political problems that … drought of 2007-2010, high unemployment rates, inflation, income inequality, and declining oil resources all contributed … of the Alawite sect, however, still remain obscure. While some scholars claim that it began as a Shi'ite faction, …
Three Young White Men and a Black Woman (1632) by Christiaen van Couwenbergh.

A Question of Power, Not Sex

… souls who belong to New Birth Baptist Church near Atlanta. Some commentators have condemned Bishop Eddie Long’s virulently … activism and have called for a black church that is more welcoming and inclusive of gays and lesbians. Others have urged …
Portrait of Louis XVI, King of France and Navarre, c. 1779

The Execution of Louis XVI

… and Navarre, c. 1779. He traveled in the mayor's coach accompanied by his confessor, Henry Essex Edgeworth de Firmont, and by Lieutenant Lebrasse. The Paris Commune, the revolutionary municipal government, had … arrived peacefully at the Place de la Révolution, where some twenty thousand people had gathered. The coach …
Administrative building in the Hague in 1939.

First World War of the Twenty-First Century?

… Now the question again surfaces: will the international community be able to avoid the slide toward war? It remains … that the epidemics of local ethnic and religious violence, some occurring in the same locations (Macedonia and the … these questions. Multinational corporations and worldwide communications, among other things, have created a global …
The NASA Space Shuttle Challenger launching in 1983.

Mars: A Planet Too Far?

… many Americans find space exploration more appealing than some of Bush’s other programs, policymakers — other than … He twice attempted to escape the tremendous financial commitment by promoting a joint lunar trip by the United … most Americans opposed sharing technology or glory with the Communist giant. Without the threat of a hulking enemy …
Pullman Strike illustration

Top Ten Origins: American Workers and Strikes

… Socialist Congress meeting in Paris in July 1899. The comrades set the date in solidarity with organized workers … fledgling American Federation of Labor had scheduled the upcoming May 1 to initiate a drive for the eight-hour day. The … the control of corporations. By 1880, corporations employed some seventy percent of non-farm labor. Those striking …

Viewpoint Iran: The Past and Present of the U.S.-Iran Standoff

… partnership.” Those conciliatory words, however, were accompanied on both sides with qualifications, skepticism, and … Secretary George Curzon, this was “the most complete and extraordinary surrender of the entire industrial resources … in history.” Neither concession was fulfilled, however. In some of the earliest instances of successful popular …
Depiction of General Scott capturing Mexico City during the Mexican-American War.

Getting Away from the “Quagmire” Cliché

… analogies about Iraq. They had better search further. While comparisons of Iraq with Vietnam may stir Howard Dean’s … and Iraqi police face domestic and foreign terrorists committed not to independence but actually to blocking … bogged down led Americans to flee Beirut in the 1980s and Somalia in the 1990s. It also influenced President Clinton’s …
On August 8, 1918, 17,000 German soldiers surrendered to the Allies.

November 11, 1918: The End of World War I?

… the story goes. In January 1918, after forty-one months of combat, Allied troops were ready for a ceasefire, but they … to the Allies following a British offensive on the Somme and between summer and fall, the German army saw the … the war indefinitely. Death tolls were extraordinary. Around 10 million combatants were killed, …
A 1960s photo of a hallway inside the Philadelphia County Prison.

Have We Learned Nothing About Prisons?

… the world, trailing only Russia. The prison industry has become big business: billions of dollars are being spent on … group of prisoners led an uprising by taking 43 hostages. Some of the prisoners’ demands were outrageous–“speedy and … reprisals and crackdowns on inmate reading material became common. Television replaced reading as the preferred source …
American Jewish Loss after the Holocaust, by Laura Levitt Book Cover

American Jewish Loss after the Holocaust

Review of American Jewish Loss after the Holocaust, by Laura Levitt (New York: New York University Press, 2007)
… to describe the legacy of loss. Although the Holocaust has come to be widely commemorated in the United States, and … with feminist and cultural analyses. This is, in some ways, a deeply personal book. She begins with an … limits, bounded by the gulf that separates ordinary from extraordinary loss. For Levitt, the Holocaust is a Jewish …
Dian Fossey with mountain gorilla.

Dian Fossey: Conservationist in the Mist

… Jane Goodall and Birute Galdikas – three women who would become affectionately known as the “trimates.” Fossey’s … past, Fossey’s reputation and fame always seemed tainted by something inappropriate. Shortly after her murder, … suggests an inherent conflict between native human communities living near primates and conservationists who …
Abraham Lincoln Campaign Poster 1860

"Great God, What does it Mean?" - Lee's Escape at Williamsport

… history is the Battle of Gettysburg. While many will commemorate the battle itself, the decision not to press this victory to complete destruction of Confederate forces was perhaps … Abraham Lincoln was willing to agree at first, as were some of Meade’s own cross-party subordinates. When one …