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penguin standing on sand at a beach with a plant and ocean behind it

Early Encounters with Penguins

… Nicholas Breyfogle:   Hello, and welcome to Early Encounters with Penguins brought to you by the … removal of tribes through the Indian Removal Act of 1830. We want to honor the resiliency of these tribal nations … but for swimming, and black feet shaped like a goose. He offered an explanation for both. How the name came to be …
typewriter

The Legacy of a Lady

… chat and lunch with First Lady Laura Bush. Organized by the Office of First Lady, this event was intended to unveil … had done as First Lady. This impressive list of projects encompasses domestic causes from historic preservation to … and children, are alive because of her.   The extent of the good work that Laura Bush did for the country and the world …
Laura Bush May 18, 2008.

The Legacy of a Lady

… chat and lunch with First Lady Laura Bush. Organized by the Office of First Lady, this event was intended to unveil … had done as First Lady. This impressive list of projects encompasses domestic causes from historic preservation to … and children, are alive because of her. The extent of the good work that Laura Bush did for the country and the world …
Tilden illustration - a hand on another hand that is on a gun on a table with papers

Top Ten Origins: Other “Unprecedented” Elections in American History

… in the moment. Some, however, really do represent something completely new in American political history, and not always … headline in its early edition. 10. 2000 A Florida election official reviews a paper ballot during the 2000 recount. The … declaring Florida "too close to call" and then, around 2:30 a.m., awarding it to Bush. Uncounted votes remained in …
the cover of a Captain America comic book

Captain America: Changing Conscience of a Nation

… and artist Jack Kirby in the eponymous Captain America Comics #1 , the patriotic hero became a breakout star for … These dynamic adventures made Captain America an unofficial part of the war effort. His winged visage enlivened … “good war.” Four-color McCarthyism could not pull enough coins from adolescent pockets to prevent the superhero …
Jesse Owens at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany.

Peace through Olympic Sport?

… of literally billions of people. But are the Olympic Games good for the World? Proponents say the Games help create … corruption scandals, doping controversies and rampant commercialism have done so little to dent the popularity of … before the First World War, sport had become, as one French official put it, "a matter of state." Politicians and the …

The Human Use of Human Beings: A Brief History of Suicide Bombing

… 9/11, reveals a great deal about the phenomenon we have come to know as suicide bombing. First, a radical left-wing … willing to accept such acts in the name of a greater good. A Human-Centered Weapon System The 9/11 attacks … simply were not a large enough or effective enough force to offset American naval superiority. They did, however, send a …
Downstream view of Marco Polo Bridge by Thomas Child, 1877. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937)

… post-1868 empire, including Korea and Taiwan . The Chinese Communist Party would be reborn and re-legitimized through … at three months. The Japanese would have been better off consulting Close, who predicted accurately that Japan’s … 1937-1945 . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2013 . Morley, James William, ed. The China Quagmire, Japan’s Expansion on the …
Entrance gate of Auschwitz Concentration Camp, "Work Sets You Free," 2013

At the Movies: “Canaries,” A Review of Denial

… of the sort espoused by Richard Rorty. The maneuver is a common one from the perspective of positivism. In The … nature of Los Angeles by invoking a wide array of works by William Shakespeare, from Hamlet to The Tempest . Timothy … defense. Jackson’s camera lingers on water droplets falling off barbed wire as Lipstadt becomes infuriated at what she …
President Kennedy surrounded by cameramen after signing the Cuba Quarantine Order on October 23, 1962.

How Bush Might Have Profited from Kennedy’s Example

… in the quality of American presidential leadership than comparison of John F. Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban … nuclear missiles had been placed in Cuba, just 90 miles off the Florida coast, heightening the threat of nuclear … so he maintained a firm resolve on key issues and evinced a willingness to make reasonable compromises on others. After …
Family members of U.S. Army Master Sgt. Woodrow Wilson Keeble attending his Medal of Honor ceremony.

Honoring Native American Veterans This Veterans Day

… to Clarence Wolf Guts, the last surviving Lakota Sioux "code talker" of World War II. In September Allen Dale June, … languages in the top-secret code project, which began unofficially in the trenches of World War I. Though … U.S. general killed in World War II, are not names that come to mind for most people.   That's because this is not …
U.S. Department of Homeland Security seal.

Sharing the Burdens of War

… an economy struck hard by the events of Sept. 11. The bill offers nearly $100 billion in tax breaks and rebates for a … draft exemption for college students. At the time, family income was the largest single determinant of who attended … this war effort, like previous ones, will depend upon the goodwill and patience of the American public.  Bush should …
Carrie (left) with her mother, Emma Buck, at the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded, 1924.

The Sterilization of Carrie Buck

… and the procedure was often performed against their will or with coerced consent. Eugenics, or the ideological … withhold the granting of the license” until the registrar’s office established the racial classification of each … of rape. For Buck’s foster family and the doctors who recommended sterilization, a pregnancy out of wedlock was one …
Dian Fossey with mountain gorilla.

Dian Fossey: Conservationist in the Mist

… by sponsoring the field research of Dian Fossey, Jane Goodall and Birute Galdikas – three women who would become affectionately known as the “trimates.” Fossey’s … to put her life on the line to confront powerful government officials, local tribal leadership and poachers. This latter …
US Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., signing the UN Charter on 26 June 1945. President Truman stands by at left (UN Photo/Yould).

The Signing of the United Nations Charter

… Wilson bitterly called “a sullen and selfish isolation,” becoming an observer in the League but never a full member. As Europe moved toward another war in the 1930s, the League proved unable to respond effectively. The … traditional U.S. influence in the region, they responded to official Latin American concerns about communist …
Cambodia's Prime Minister Hun Sen in 2012.

War Crimes: The “New Era” Looks Like the Old

… surface of this dispute is a fundamental clash between the competing claims of national sovereignty and universal human … human rights industry, pushed for an new international order based on an expanded set of rules. Alas, the rules … human rights groups and lawyers refined and expanded new codes of international criminal law, their leaders could not …
Abovian Among the Kurds, painting by Mkrtich Sedrakyan, 1950. (Image from author's personal collection, courtesy of the Khachatur Abovian House-Museum, Yerevan, Armenia.)

Top Ten Origins: Russia’s Relations with the Kurds

… , Iran , Iraq, and Syria, the Kurds number approximately 30 million people. Although united in a struggle for civil and political rights, they comprise various tribal affiliations and speak different … erroneously contended that the Yazidi faith was a heretical offshoot of the Armenian Church. In 1844, Hasanli Yazidi …
Bird's-eye-view of the 1993 border blockade enacted by CBP Border Patrol agents in El Paso, Texas as part of Operation Hold the Line.

Fortifying the U.S.-Mexico Boundary: The 1993 “Hold the Line” Experiment

… also proposed deploying advanced drug detection machines to combat the influx of fentanyl, which he claimed was … United States up to 72 hours for purposes such as tourism, shopping, or personal matters. Other authorized forms of … to the blockade’s divisive impact. Founded on September 30, 1993, the organization articulated three key stances. …
General George S. Patton waving to crowds in Los Angeles, California in 1945.

Pragmatic de-Baathification is Key to Rebuilding Iraq

… for a transition of power to a new Iraqi regime it hopes will be significantly more democratic and inclusive than its … or expediency.” (This situation replicated itself in the communist states of eastern Europe; Vaclav Klaus, the first … of the Czech Republic, once quipped that dissidents were good at writing poetry but if you wanted taxes collected, …
PPI Drug Testing by Cambodia, PPI Network, CC BY 2.0, Flickr

Pro Sports Can Run, But They Can’t Hide

… The chair of the House Government Reform Committee, Tom Davis, House Democrat Henry Waxman and Senate … Sosa have caused many legislators to doubt that sports officials can crack down effectively on steroid abuse. Yet, … that resulted in the industry adopting a self-regulatory code.Ê In 1959, a House subcommittee investigated a …
On August 8, 1918, 17,000 German soldiers surrendered to the Allies.

November 11, 1918: The End of World War I?

… the story goes. In January 1918, after forty-one months of combat, Allied troops were ready for a ceasefire, but they … to the Allies. The end was in sight. On September 30, 1918, German ally Bulgaria was forced to sign an … of success—to set up centers for physical therapy, workshops for the manufacture and fitting of new prosthetic …
Joseph Stalin

Dismantling a Legacy: The Last Days of Stalin

Review of The Last Days of Stalin, by Joshua Rubenstein (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015)
… charged with attempting to assassinate high-ranking Soviet officials, and a power struggle among members of Stalin’s … of purges, harkening back to the Terror in the late 1930s. If this was Stalin’s intention, and there isn’t clear … pardoned or remitted the sentences of prisoners whom had committed minor offenses. As they worked to dismantle …
Ration distribution point.

The Other War in Pakistan

… provided food for the hungry even during the push to finish off the German army.   Near the end of World War II, … and preposition food for this emergency, all the while combating the Nazi war machine. None of the allies’ heroics … George C. Marshall said in 1947, “We can act for our own good by acting for the world’s good.” Marshall’s words …