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The United Nations Office at Geneva (Switzerland) is the second biggest UN centre, after the United Nations Headquarters (New York City).

The U.N. may be dysfunctional, but it’s the kind of dysfunction that its founders intended

… would serve merely as an explicit reminder of the U.N.'s incompetence.   An examination of the situation with an eye to … too quickly and therefore resulted in too many shortsighted compromises.   The order to follow the Second World War … Security Council. Meanwhile, the General Assembly and its accompanying subsidiary organizations, which were to be much …
The Romanov Family

The Romanov Tercentenary: Commemoration, History, and Power

… the Russias.” Services in Moscow capped a series of events commemorating the Romanovs’ tercentenary, in what proved to … memory of Mikhail’s Russia, he did so at great peril to the future of his country and its people. Immersing himself in a … deemed oppositional, the tsar brusquely cut him off. He welcomed supplicant peasant elders, but Kostroma was part of a …
Russian chemist and educator Dmitrii Mendeleev

Mendeleev's Periodic Table

… chemists had worked to find an organizing principle that encompassed all of the known elements and that could be … characteristics—they were largely inert and resistant to combining with other substances—but the entire set fit … students. The majority of these tables look fantastical in comparison with the castle-like table that is found in …
Slobodan Milosevic, just after signing the Dayton Agreement

Lessons from the Holocaust Are Relevant to the Crisis in Kosovo

… terrain. When the war did not progress as planned, military commitments escalated. America’s credibility had to be … analogy working in his favor, though, that is more compelling than all of the so-called “lessons of the past” presently being bandied about. It concerns the West’s response to the …
The U.S.-Economic Cooperation Administration created numerous posters to promote the Marshall Plan in Europe. This one, depicting the flags of various Western European countries receiving Marshall Plan aid, was produced in 1950.

The Marshall Plan

… into law on April 3, 1948. The Marshall Plan, as it’s more commonly known, was intended to revive the economies of … Policy Planning Staff, and the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee reported on the continent’s dire economic state, … Europe’s recovery. ERP efforts to create a German economy committed to capitalism, however, hardened early divisions …

Beyond 'Tribes': Violence and Politics in Kenya

… going to take their seats the next day and that they were completely resolute in overturning the election and bringing … only survivors were two persons buried alive in a pile of bodies. The media have also discussed how the Kenyan political … in British East Africa (now Kenya) Kenyatta briefly studied economics in Moscow at the Comintern school, KUTVU …
Plate of enchiladas at a Mexican restaurant.

Mexican Food in the United States

… tacos increasingly brought these foods into the American diet. As Mexican immigrants arrived in new locales, various … States.  The popularity of these dishes and Mexican ingredients pushed Mexican cuisine into fast food with the … Powder  The food tradition of the American Southwest has come about through various populations’ contributions over …
US propaganda leaflet used in Afghanistan, with bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri.

Fighting a Cold War Against Osama bin Laden

… today as American leaders assess Osama bin Laden’s latest communication. Bin Laden’s audio-taped message offered both stick and carrot. The stick is the threat of future catastrophic attacks. The carrot is a proposed … when bin Laden goes, as the Soviet Union did after Stalin died. Acheson had developed a plan based on long-range …
Cover of Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther's World and Legacy by Lyndal Roper.

The Legacy of Luther

Review of Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther’s World and Legacy, by Lyndal Roper (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021)
… The prominent reformer, Martin Luther boasts the most complex legacy of his contemporaries because of how he … Roper is most concerned with those produced by the workshop of Cranach the Elder. Cranach made Luther the most … an age when noblemen had to prove their honour with their bodies.” Luther drew power from intellectual combat, while the …
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris's 1912 illustration, The First Thanksgiving, 1621

Now, About that First Thanksgiving Dinner…

… are uncertain. The only documentary evidence of the event comes from the journal of Plymouth Colony’s governor, Edward … that the historical evidence of Thanksgiving is not as compelling as the myths that cloud our memories. It’s too … Indigenous Communities …
Aftermath of the al-Qaida bombing at the U.S. Embassy in Tanzania in 1998.

When America Was Considered a Rogue Nation

… kingdom were convinced that the United States had become a base for terrorists. No one then actually used the … of Granada and Nicaragua. Foreign diplomats repeatedly complained to the State Department that their countries were … assaults. Just as the U.S. news media suggest Saudi complicity in the attacks of September 2001, so foreign …

The Amazon Rainforest under Threat

… became the top trending hashtag on Twitter after the combination of smoke from Amazon forest fires, a weather … tribes had been destroyed, and the number of Nambikwara, studied by French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, had been … Getúlio Vargas articulated a vision of the nation’s future dubbed the “March to the West” and proposed that the …
Unification council of Orthodox Church in Ukraine, 2018.

The Religious Roots of the War in Ukraine

… that emerged in the ninth century around Kyiv. The medieval Primary Chronicle tells how, in 988, Grand Prince … (Roman Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) churches. Its bishops consecrated their own metropolitan, without the … in the Ukrainian Republic . By 1992, there were three competing Orthodox churches in Ukraine: the UOC-MP, a new …

Human Rights at a Crossroads

… to question the authority of international governing bodies. His campaign slogan, “Make America Great Again,” is a … U.S. soldiers just as they were returning from overseas combat ( left ). The opening session of the League of … In his 1960 book, The Conscience of a Conservative, future presidential candidate Barry Goldwater rejected …
Centennial Seal of the Land Grant Colleges

The 1862 Morrill Act Honored the Liberal Arts As Well As Technical Education

… The first ad had “1862” emblazoned across the top, accompanied by a photograph of President Abraham Lincoln.   … (1890), and Southern (Louisiana) University (1881).   It is commonly assumed that those 30,000 acres of federal land … to sell their share so quickly, if at all.   It is also commonly assumed that all land-grant colleges were created …
Satchel Paige with bat boys in the dugout watching a game in Los Angeles, ca. 1943.

Satchel Paige: The First Negro League Player Inducted into the Hall of Fame

… too frequently heard, “if only you were white,” as a compliment to their skills, but also as a reality check that … him “one of the greatest pitchers of all time.”  The compliments were great, but they might as well have said, … four Black men made their way to the pros, including future Hall of Famer Larry Doby, who integrated the American …
1960s hippies dancing at a festival.

The Soundtrack of the Summer of Love

… of psychedelic exploration . The Summer of Love marked the coming out party for the counter-culture we now associate … later, as well as the music festivals we see today. In comparison to today’s bloated ticket prices, admission for … she burst out onto the scene receiving incredible audience enthusiasm and critical reception. D.A. Pennebaker …

Where have you gone, Holden Caulfield? Why We Aren’t ‘Alienated’ Anymore

… "had the world at his feet—able to choose from a range of futures to make his mark on the world." Yet the son went off … even passively take part, and you've got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon the levers, . … become comfortable with comfort. The Free Speech Coffee Shop Of course, alienation has not entirely disappeared in …
Title page of the first edition of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, 1818.

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

… nineteen, published the gothic novel Frankenstein. It has become a classic of English literature. Title page of the … her feverish story: ten days after her birth her mother died from puerperal fever, at seventeen she eloped with … wife, the following year her premature illegitimate child died shortly after being born and her half-sister Fanny …
Pullman Strike illustration

Top Ten Origins: American Workers and Strikes

… Socialist Congress meeting in Paris in July 1899. The comrades set the date in solidarity with organized workers … thousands of other laborers took part. More than 100 people died in the various clashes between workers and the forces … a sympathetic governor to Michigan. On December 30, 1936, shop-floor activists in General Motors Fisher Body plant No. …
Mata Hari (1876-1917).

Top Ten Origins: Spies, Lies, and Moles: Oh My!

… spy. Since then, as this list shows, espionage became more complex and increasingly valuable. The times change, but … Townsend, along with Washington, shared a secret code to communicate that Tallmadge devised. Townsend ran a coffee shop and joined a Tory militia to preserve his cover. He …
A U.S. Coast Guard boat approaches a sailboat with over 90 Haitian refugees in 1988. The refugees were later returned to Haiti.

Who is responsible for the Elian Gonzalez case?

… fair to most Americans. After all, Fidel Castro was a Communist dictator. The United States had to open its doors to refugees from communism, Americans thought, or it could not claim moral … in the departments of history and interdisciplinary studies at Appalachian State University in Boone, N.C., and a …
The Fire of Rome, 18 July 64 AD, Oil on Canvas, Robert Hubert, 1785. In the Musee des Beaux-Arts Andre Malraux; Le Havre, France.

The Great Fire of Rome

… fire have long been questioned and debated, the academic community generally blames poor circumstances for Rome’s … fear that enveloped Rome.  The fire began in the cramped shops, emblematic of Roman urban overcrowding. The rickety … from his imagination.  Tacitus, ever the skeptic in comparison, posited a different conclusion. In the absence …