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Graffiti reading "Ireland a Nation, Irish and Free"

The Provisional Irish Republican Army

… Catholic Republic of Ireland, an utterly unacceptable outcome. They therefore fiercely fought the civil rights … in Belfast. The police, overwhelmingly Unionist, were complicit in the violence, leaving Catholics with no obvious … Most delegates at the convention believed that the time had come for the IRA to drop its long-standing policy of …
pile of syringes

The Global War on Drugs

… Dr. Nicholas Breyfogle   Hello, and welcome to The Global War on Drugs brought to you by the … the myth that cannabis is a weed. In reality, it's the opposite. Its one species name, Cannabis sativa, literally means … War on Drugs". And most recently, in the edited volumes, "Cannabis: Global Histories and Histories of Drug …
portion of a movie poster for the movie Mary Queen of Scots, directed by Josie Rourke

At the Movies: Mary Queen of Scots

… to which men will go to take it away from them, and to the complicated politics of one’s immortal soul. Director Josie … of Mary. Elizabeth seems obsessed with her own vanity as compared to Mary but comes to learn that beauty does not matter in this world of …
The Sherman M4-A2E8 Tank

12/3/2014: At the Movies: Fury

… their way through a devastated Germany. The first major combat sequence takes place in an open field, as Collier and … was just murky. That’s what I wanted to show, that the outcome was wildly positive, but there was this still this … Army had accumulated tremendous material and manpower superiorities over the Wehrmacht. The unit to which the …

The American Dream after COVID-19

… already been showing up in recent history. Millennials have come of age hearing they are the first generation in … History The phrase itself was coined in 1931 by historian James Truslow Adams . Adams expressed confidence, even at the … and enslaved African Americans lived with the cruelest opposite of the American Dream. Their abilities brought sneers …
Pope Francis smiling from inside a car as he leaves the White House in 2015.

Embracing the Pope–Selectively

… Protestants. Evangelical-Catholic relations have come a long way over the last generation, but for all their … Paul II. Today, evangelical cultural warriors such as James Dobson and Pat Robertson applaud the late pope’s … affirming what these two branches of Christendom hold in common. And in the best-selling Christian novel, “Left …
A wheat field in Ukraine resembles the colors on the country's flag.

Ukraine: The Breadbasket of Europe

… concern about the war’s impact on global agricultural commodity markets: the disruption to Ukrainian agricultural … position as a major agricultural exporter of key commodities. It has a significant global market share by … world. It has several advantages in producing agricultural commodities: a favorable climate and high-quality soils, …
William Shakespeare

The Globe Theatre: Shakespeare Lost & Found

… last history play Henry VIII: Or, All is True. A volatile combination of a cheap roof and pyrotechnic effects could … all of the parts, moved the pieces of lumber across the Thames, and during spring 1599, reassembled the playhouse in … (pictured below) located only 750 feet from the original site. Shakespeare’s Globe opened (or reopened, or even …
Henry Ford with a Model T in 1921.

What Bill Ford Is Learning from Great-Grandpa

… Now that Ford Motor Company has announced its “Way Forward” restructuring plan, … countless visitors, among them Charlie Chaplin, who visited it before he produced “Modern Times,” the classic movie depiction of workers as cogs in …
Nsala of Wala in the Nsongo District

1885: A European Colonial Dream and an African Nightmare

… Conference on West Africa was signed.  The conference has become known for “carving up  the African continent ” for the … so much as help enable the process in a way that managed competitive  European colonial desires .  The colonial … based on extraction, intertwined with authoritarian regimes and violence perpetrated against the region’s …
US Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., signing the UN Charter on 26 June 1945. President Truman stands by at left (UN Photo/Yould).

The Signing of the United Nations Charter

… Wilson bitterly called “a sullen and selfish isolation,” becoming an observer in the League but never a full member. As … and reformed Isolationist Arthur Vandenberg, the party committed to supporting a postwar cooperative peace … the Big Five united behind a powerful veto that demanded superpower unanimity on all security votes but could not …
Cover of The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union by Serhii Plokhy

"The Greatest Geopolitical Catastrophe of the Century"

Review of The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union, by Serhii Plokhy (New York: Basic Books, 2014)
… to declare independence ensured that the Soviet Union had become an irrelevancy and its dissolution had become an … of Moscow between the military and Boris Yeltsin, a discredited party apparatchik who turned to electoral politics … to remember, President Bush and Secretary of State James Baker III were committed to maintaining the Soviet Union …
From the 2011 UN Climate Change Conference in Durban, South Africa.

Top Ten Origins: Climate Change

… plunged, and ice may have covered the planet. At other times in the Earth history, climate was much warmer, with no … gasses drove rapid changes in global climate. Faster computers and better climate models have improved forecasts … concern, falling costs for renewable energy, and recent commitments by the U.S. and China have raised hopes for more …
The Jamestown Project, by Karen Ordahl Kupperman Book Cover

The Jamestown Project

Review of The Jamestown Project, by Karen Ordahl Kupperman (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007)
… Historians have come to love the milestone anniversaries of significant … as the four hundredth anniversary of the settlement of Jamestown, the first of England's colonial projects in North America to survive permanently in what would become the United States. It is in this context that Karen …
Portrait of General Winfield Scott.

When “Sensitivity” Has Opened the Road to Victory

… the war, Grant allowed Lee and his men to return to their homes on parole with their horses and provided the … one of the most sensitive and successful coalition commanders of all time. Cheney forgets that Ike diverted … his remarks suggest that his historical understanding is superficial. If Cheney’s views reflect the Bush …
A painting of the Rubicon scene from the mid-nineteenth century: Gustave Boulanger, Jules-César arrivé au Rubicon.

Julius Caesar Crosses the Rubicon

… Gaul, or today’s Emilia Romagna—the statesman and accomplished general Julius Caesar crossed the little Rubicon … which ended with Caesar’s victory—and enabled Caesar to become, essentially, the sole ruler of the Roman state . … moment. Caesar’s crossing was marked for these authors by supernatural interventions and portents, by his speed but …
Entrance gate of Auschwitz Concentration Camp, "Work Sets You Free," 2013

At the Movies: “Canaries,” A Review of Denial

… of the sort espoused by Richard Rorty. The maneuver is a common one from the perspective of positivism. In The … of it all. However, when the triumphant Donald Trump visited Barack Obama in the White House after the election, … of the world. In L.A. Story (1991), he critiques the superficial nature of Los Angeles by invoking a wide array …
An orientalist nineteenth century Russian view of Samarkand in the time of Timur.

A Castilian in Samarkand, 1404

… noted that work on the largest mosque in the city had been completed just before his arrival, but Timur ordered its … to Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi, a Chagatai courtier who had visited the court of Castile in Toledo several years earlier. … Ever since agricultural city-states emerged in Mesopotamia and Egypt in the 4th millennium BCE, human …
Mehmed VI, the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, leaving the country after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate, 1922

The Long End of the Ottoman Empire

… Ottoman rule for centuries. The Balkan Wars saw atrocities committed against civilians on a massive scale. The … of refugees under deplorable conditions, from their homes in the Balkans to Anatolia and other Ottoman provinces. … forcibly resettled in a “homeland” most had never even visited.  The overall perception of Lausanne’s bloodless …
NASA marks Earth Day’s 50th anniversary.

“Give Earth a Chance”: Earth Day and the Politics of Modern Environmentalism

… emerged as a spokesperson for a diverse global movement to combat the climate crisis following a spate of … Valedictory Speakers is Somber” article in The New York Times , June 1969. Her words hit a national nerve. Under the … who voted against environmental concerns. Their faces are superimposed on a picture of an early twentieth-century …
The almshouse at Woburn, Bedfordshire, England

Top Ten Origins: Housing the Poor

… in Silicon Valley (where even people with six-figure incomes may qualify for housing subsidies) have attracted media … formalizing their ownership, the poor would have access to credit, facilitating entrepreneurial activity. In Tanzania, …
A portrait of Martin Luther King, Jr.

The Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

… On April 4, 1968, at 6:01 pm, James Earl Ray, a white drifter and petty criminal, raised a … Memphis, a pall of shock and sadness blanketed the black community. Anguish soon turned to anger. Fearing a riot, the … exploded in the days following Dr. King’s assassination. In communities large and small, stretching from the East Coast …
An artistic rendering of the observable universe by Pablo Carlos Budassi. It depicts the Solar System at the center, surrounded by other celestial bodies and galaxies, and cosmic microwave radiation and plasma left over from the Big Bang at the outer edge.

Top Ten Origins: The Universe’s Greatest Hits

… 13.77 billion years ago, our entire observable universe was compressed into the size of a peach and had a temperature of … same set of properties (mass, spin, the usual) but opposite charge: antimatter. These days we can easily make … UV and X-ray light, destroying themselves in cataclysmic supernova explosions, and collapsing into insatiably hungry …