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German and Indian troops as part of the international coalition to put down the Boxer Rebellion

History Shadows U.S.-China Relations

… six European powers and Japan arrived to crush the uprising. When the Protocol was drafted, it placed all of the … of more than $30 million (then an astronomical amount) as compensation to foreign powers for the damage caused by the … have been censured, not paid, in 1901.  Foreign soldiers committed war crimes, critics of the Protocol argue, and …
Bust of Harlan Fiske Stone, the 12th Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.

Following Bad Precedents for Deciding Military Justice

… expanded legal jurisdiction of the United Nations. “Enemy combatants” captured in the “war on terrorism” are to be … War II. Japanese Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, Japan’s supreme commander in the Philippines, was tried for failing to … had been conspicuously silent on the question of war crimes since its 1942 decision in the Quirin case, another favored …
Cover of The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall by Mary Elise Sarotte.

…And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: A History of Contingency and Happenstance

Review of The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall, by Mary Elise Sarotte New York: Basic Books, 2014.
… irrevocably porous. But the events of November 9 did not come from nowhere. The fall of the Berlin Wall—as detailed … she instead writes the history of serendipity whose outcome was far from predetermined, even if it seems so in … Berlin Wall at the Brandenburg Gate, November 1989 Since 1949, the government of the German Democratic Republic …
Kosovo is located to the south of Serbia.

The Perils of Breaking Away

… going to receive international approval for its quest to become an independent nation. While many inside Kosovo and out … of nearly 90 percent, has been under UN administration since the end of fighting between the Belgrade government … Albanian Kosovo Liberation Army in 1999. A special UN commission is supposed to release a report on the province’s …
Artistic rendition of Space Station Freedom with the STS Orbiter Vehicle

No Cheap Ticket to Outer Space

… For the first time since Project Apollo nearly four decades ago, NASA has a … millions of dollars, or approximately $10,000 a pound. By comparison, sending a 180-pound history professor across the … a few chosen astronauts. The Bush administration ought to commit itself to spending money now to develop new launch …
Spanish and French troops in Afghanistan in 2005.

Calling Al-Qaeda Fascist Doesn’t Make It So

… to face a fanatical, determined foe. Speaking in Wisconsin just hours after the plotters' arrest, Bush declared … a "totalitarian ideology" menacing people everywhere. This comparison between Islamic radicalism and fascism, which some commentators on the Right have trumpeted ever since 9/11, is …
A photograph of Viola Desmond

Remembering Viola Desmond

… Canada’s first prime minister, who had been on the note since 1971. How Desmond became the first woman in Canadian … that day, Desmond became the target of a racist incident, a common event for Blacks in Canada. Her decision to challenge … programs, Desmond earned a teacher’s certificate by completing a provincial test. She was required to teach in a …
Cover of A Decade of Upheaval: The Cultural Revolution in Rural China by Dong Guoqiang and Andrew G. Walder.

The View from the Countryside

Review of A Decade of Upheaval: The Cultural Revolution in Rural China, by Dong Guoqiang & Andrew G. Walder (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021)
… According to official accounts from the Chinese Communist Party, “The ‘cultural revolution,’ which lasted … losses suffered by the Party, the state and the people since the founding of the People's Republic.” While the … (1958—1962) and his fear that enemies in the Chinese Communist Party planned to place China back on the …
WE.177A was an air-launched boosted fission weapon deployed by the UK

The Two Sides of the Nuclear Coin

… deserve much of the blame for their increase. Ever since the advent of the Bush administration, it has charged … The Republican-dominated U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, a landmark measure negotiated … disarmament and other pledges made in the NPT. Ignoring the commitments made by his Democratic and Republican …
Howard Dean in 2014.

How Dean Followed in Goldwater’s Steps

… in polls. But his campaign has been in a tailspin ever since. John Kerry trounced the maverick front-runner in Iowa … Barry Goldwater of 1964. Dean should have taken the comparison seriously. Glaring parallels exist between the … election, few believed that Goldwater could successfully compete for, much less win, the Republican nomination, but …
Mount Fuji from Omiya by Kusakabe Kimbei c. 1890

Japan’s Meiji Restoration

Japan’s Meiji Restoration, or Meiji Ishin, occurred on January 3, 1868, and marked the return of the Japanese emperor to a position of power for the first time in more than 500 years.
Omagh, Northern Ireland in 2001.

Taking the Guns Out of Irish Politics

… The decommissioning of weapons in Northern Ireland ought to be a … of the political spectrum are now locked in dialogue and committed to principles of nonviolence. All but one of the … that occurred in 1798 and the present IRA’s campaign since 1969 was unveiled. Many republicans — including most …
A 1960s photo of a hallway inside the Philadelphia County Prison.

Have We Learned Nothing About Prisons?

… of the horrific conclusion of the worst prison uprising in American history. And we’ve learned little from it. … the world, trailing only Russia. The prison industry has become big business: billions of dollars are being spent on … reprisals and crackdowns on inmate reading material became common. Television replaced reading as the preferred source …
New York City in 1932.

Black Tuesday II

… Pearl Harbor is the historical analogy heard most often  since the attack on the World Trade Center, but a comparison of the Black Tuesdays of 1929 and 2001 is equally … to respond, “What else is there?” Even though we have become far more materialistic in recent decades, it is …
This is the third Strasbourg astronomical clock which is located in the Notre-Dame Cathedral and was built in 1843, the first clock was built 1352-1354.

Paleotechnic Machines in the Middle Ages

Review of Medieval Robots: Mechanism, Magic, Nature, and Art, by E.R. Truitt (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)
… heads that revealed the future, and automated gardens complete with metallic singing birds. In this book, E.R. Truitt skillfully sheds … in creating its own automata but viewed foreign automata as coming from lands “rich in flamboyant excesses of nature, …
Sister Rosetta Tharpe

The Mother of Rock and Roll

… disc jockey Alan Freed crowing “That’s Bill Haley and the Comets rockin’ and rollin’ you with ‘Shake, Rattle and Roll.’” Yet a much deeper history exists and a more complex set of origins. Sister Rosetta Tharpe On March 20, … six she was touring with her mother throughout the South, singing and playing guitar, not just as an entertainer but …
Man Celebrating Repeal Day with a banner that says "Good Old Days Are Back Again!"

Celebrating Repeal with a Drink, Not a Joint

… of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution ended an increasingly unpopular federal constraint on the production and … and Washington, the news media are now brimming with comparisons of alcohol to marijuana prohibition and “lessons … drinking habit. In 1970, two legal scholars wrote a comparison of alcohol and marijuana law that I believe still …
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) was one of the bloodiest in history: 8 million people lost their lives in Europe's deadliest religious conflict.

Secularism, Past and Future

Review of Secularism: Politics, Religion, and Freedom, by Andrew Copson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)
… children with one of those slaves. Rather, Jefferson’s sin in the eyes of those Texans was to have authored the … French scholar Jean Bauberot. Bauberot sees three essential components to a secular society: 1) the separation of … tumult of French politics in the 19th century, the French commitment to what they call laïcité remained. By the Third …
people with palestinian flags and people holding flags of Israel

The United States and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict, Historical Perspectives

… the Palestinian people of the Israeli-occupied territories. Since the 1940s, the United States has striven to contain, … In this webinar, Professor  Peter L. Hahn  analyzes the complicated situation in Gaza in its historical and contemporary contexts, focusing on the American role and aiming to bring clarity and …
President Richard Nixon in 1969.

The Broken Scandal-Reform Cycle

… Ever since Watergate, campaign finance reformers have come to … For 25 years, parties, candidates, and other political committees have had to report their campaign contributions … Economics/Business/Trade …
Group of people wearing masks

Going Viral: COVID Conspiracies in Historical Perspective

How do conspiracy theories of the past compare with current ones?
… As national governments and the global scientific community struggle to contain the spread of the coronavirus, … last few months confronting a different type of outbreak. Misinformation about the current public health crisis—which … for the Humanities. Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this content do not necessarily …
This Dutch UNPROFOR observation post in Srebrenica took heavy fire from Bosnian Serb troops in 1995.

Srebrenica and its Memory

In July 1995, in the final days of the Bosnian War, over 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were killed in the Srebrenica massacre.
… massacre. As the largest case of mass violence in Europe since World War II, Srebrenica serves as a poignant reminder … legacies that acts of violence leave on individuals and communities, and the importance of remembering and … War II as a federation of six republics, Yugoslavia was composed of a diverse mix of religious and ethnic groups. …
Seal of New York State.

George W. Bush and Indian Land Claims

… Bush claimed that “state law reigns supreme when it comes to Indians, whether it be gambling or any other … confronted with the significant challenges posed by increasingly assertive Native American tribes.  In so doing, … Indigenous Communities …