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Marshall "Major" Taylor was a professional African American cyclist

(Bicycle) Wheels of Change

Review of The Cycling City: Bicycles and Urban America in the 1890s, by Evan Friss (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015)
… cycling clubs were one type of group where cyclists could come together, but they were not merely for elites only. … (185) For every type of cyclist, there was a group that accommodated them and, though they disagreed over who should … this new, and quick, form of transportation. There were complaints of the recklessness of cyclists - fondly known as …
marriage of Marguerite of Anjou and Henry VI in 1445

Power Behind the Throne: The Women of the War of the Roses

Review of Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses, by Sarah Gristwood (New York: Basic Books, 2013)
… behind-the-scenes may have been as important to the outcome of events as the men’s on the battlefield. In Blood … makes good use of the fragmentary sources available to medieval scholars, transitioning smoothly between exposition … right ), and the passages in which Gristwood recreates medieval events are among the best in the book. Her evocative …
Exterior view of the Union Carbide pesticide factory in Bhopal, India,

The Bhopal Chemical Gas Disaster

… to be sacrificed on the altar of profit - we are flames, committed to conquering darkness, and we will continue the … in their homes nearby.  It is  estimated that 10,000 people died instantly. Survivor organizations estimated 23,000 … abandoned factory have seeped into the soil, water, and bodies of people living around the factory.  Multiple studies, …
John Quincy Adams.

WikiLeaks Reveals a Professionalism of Recent Vintage in the History of American Diplomacy

… he spent the majority of his time working as a de facto commercial agent for the wealthy New England merchant … skills, U.S. foreign agents' lack of language fluency could complicate matters. On the other side of the Atlantic, the … in part because he spoke fluent French, not Spanish.   The common language for most U.S. diplomats, however, was money. …
President Bill Clinton in 1999.

History of Sixth-Year Elections Bodes Well for Democrats

… 1994 provided Clinton and the Democrats with a particularly easy target over the next four years. It also enabled the … It has happened twice before in this century, and the comparisons are instructive for the current situation. In … but the subsequent fates of Hoover and Bush may not be so comforting for the longer run. Robert S. McElvaine, a writer …
typewriter

Between Black and White

The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations
… The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations … Between Black and White: The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations … Betw-een Black and -white: The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations Despite the … unabated until the I 930s. The program, which included subsidies for the transAtlantic voyage, was designed to solve the …
wind turbines

Energy Policy: How is the “Long Transition” from Fossil Fuels Doing?

… over the last four years.  The reasons for that are many, complex, and subject to change in the near and far future.  … Let’s remove one false idea right now:  Public subsidies support both carbon-based and alternative energy industries.  Subsidies for carbon-based fuels have been dropping , according …
Cover of Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present by Christopher I. Beckwith.

Between the East and the West

Review of Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, by Christopher I. Beckwith (Princeton University Press 2009)
… separated peoples with the "Central Eurasian Cultural Complex." The crucial element of the Complex is the ruler … into the declining Roman empire. Beckwith describes medieval feudalism, characterized by the special status of the … book especially appealing to both general and academic audiences. He is at his best describing the Central Eurasian …
1992 portrait of General Wesley K. Clark.

Wesley Clark: In the Tradition of Generals Who Make Peace

… officers as presidential contenders. Generals who have become president (there were ten, six of them notable as commanders) have usually succeeded by presenting themselves … Confederacy’s surrender at Appomattox, he squelched his soldiers’ gloating, telling them that “the rebels are our …
An influenza hospital at Camp Funston

The 1918 Flu Pandemic

… in Kansas where few noticed the signs of the pandemic to come amid the ongoing war. On March 4, 1918 company cook … men were gathered for basic training. Within days, 522 soldiers reported sick and by the end of the month 1,100 soldiers were admitted to hospital with influenza. The wartime …
Mao proclaiming establishment of PRC.

The Establishment of the People’s Republic of China and Its Impacts

… governmental upheavals after 1911.  Mao Zedong and the Communist Party’s Rise to Victory During the 1920s and … in China, particularly in urban centers. Although the Communists (CCP) had to retreat to rural areas, the party … most of the new migrants to Taiwan were professional soldiers who came from various Chinese provinces, the majority …
Here, a bus broadcasts the anti-apartheid message to Londoners in 1989.

Inequality After Apartheid

Review of Apartheid Guns and Money: A Tale of Profit, by Hennie van Vuuren (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019)
Portrait of Francisco Franco in 1964 from Biblioteca Virtual de Defensa

The Death of Franco

… On 20 November 1975, Spanish General Francisco Franco died in bed, signaling the unceremonious end of one of … of the Fallen is a mass burial site that was designed to commemorate the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) as a … opponents. By the war’s end, 350,000 Spaniards had died as a result of the conflict and another 500,000 had …
Image of a junior high school classroom from Harris & Ewing Photographs.

An Historic Opportunity in Education

… enact this substantial change to Title I. This 35-year-old compensatory education legislation has failed to reach its … that would improve public schools. Rep. Caleb R. Layton’s comments during a debate in 1922 on a proposal to combat … and the editor of the Federal Education Policy History website. He is the author of "Failing Grades: The Federal …
Portrait of Thomas Paine from 1793.

Common Sense: Salute Paine, Not Jefferson, on the Fourth

… Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence will, once again, command center stage. It will be quoted and read in its … who might be persuaded to aid the American cause. Paine’s audience was less refined. They were the common people who … and a testament to the will of the common people — an audience to which Jefferson, for all his brilliance as a …
Floor proceedings of the U.S. Senate, in session during the impeachment trial of Bill Clinton

Uneasy Lies the Head that Sleeps in the White House

… Before 1600 (the period most of the English precedents come from), of course, one has to be careful when using … is a distinct possibility that William II was assassinated) died violent deaths at the hands of their subjects. Some, … quietly murdered. Others, like Richard I and Richard III, died fighting the rebels. Another two, King Stephen in 1141 …
President Reagan in February 1985.

Will the GOP Find a New Reagan?

… In November 2009 that angry fragment of the party is embodied by Sarah Palin, Michele Bachmann, Joe Wilson and their … They have shown no inclination toward the kind of compromise that characterized President Reagan on issues … gubernatorial campaign Ronald Reagan declared his 11th Commandment, “Thou shalt not speak ill of any fellow …

Should Age Matter? How 65 Came to Be Old and Old Came to Be Ill

… United States. The press, the government, and the medical community claim, often and loudly, that these numbers augur … Neither of these conclusions was foregone; both were expedient answers to social and political pressures. Indeed, … on Aging gave way to the language of political expediency. The problem was no longer dependency, but poverty …
The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi painting by Theodoros Vryzakis.

An Historic Question: Over There or Over Here?

… to take action against Iraq should that nation fail to comply with UN arms inspectors, one arresting question … fight for freedom. By 1824 American citizens had become involved. The American “Hellenes” began to hold public … freedom in a global struggle with the Soviet Union and its Communist allies. Both the Soviet Union and America’s …
Emperor Hirohito of Japan in 1971.

Playing Fast and Loose with Historical Analogies

… was the reinterpretation of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Comparing President Kennedy’s action and President Bush’s … administration lacks the kind of documentary evidence that compelled Kennedy to act. Kennedy resisted the use of force even when advisers went beyond recommending air strikes on the missile installations and …
Logo of the Merida Initiative.

War on Drugs: What Won’t Work — Again

… are ruthlessly terrorizing Nuevo Laredo and other border communities. In the past, though, security-first strategies … fare any better. In Mexico as in Colombia, the obstacles to combating the drug trade go well beyond a simple lack of … a solution based predominantly on military assistance. Overcoming them requires a better-rounded and more complete …
Soldiers from 3rd Infantry Division provide perimeter security for Iraqi policemen at a traffic control point in Tikrit, Iraq.

The Limits of Shock and Awe

… as the war drags on and Americans and Iraqis continue to die. The term "shock and awe" is in keeping with a … Smith returned to England, proclaiming his mission accomplished; but the Virginia Indian wars lasted for decades. … this terror from the air." Any society would experience "a complete breakdown," as civilians, seeking to end their …