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Antichristus, a woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder: the pope depicted as the Antichrist, using his temporal power to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler.

The Bible as a Political Tool

The 5,280-pound monument of the Ten Commandments installed … Revolution. On the very day that American independence was declared, a committee consisting of Benjamin Franklin, … relief of Moses is in the House of Representatives.   When Judge Moore and his Alabama supporters use the Bible to …
The ruins of Ludlow

Which Side Are You On?: The Ludlow Massacre and Class Struggle in 1914

… Today, Ludlow, Colorado is a ghost town. Like so many other small mining towns that sprung up during the mining … world's largest industrial economy. Eventually, the coal was used up, and the town simply became no more. Ludlow, … a thug for J.H. Blair [Harlan County Sheriff].” In a time when the cost of rights in the workplace could be measured …
Refugees crowded emergency trains leaving to India or Pakistan c. 1947-1953

India-Pakistan Partition

… Map of the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. This year marks … the tragedies of partition, whereby British-ruled India was divided into two separate, independent states. The … which they argue was unable to overcome these divisions when imagining an independent India. Still others focus on …
Bartolome de las Casas

Bartolomé de las Casas and 500 Years of Racial Injustice

… This year marks the 500-year anniversary of the pricking of one man's … Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, which was published during his lifetime (c. 1484–1566). Through … European empires paid little attention to this moral idea when so much wealth and power was at stake. This …
map of Yugoslavia

What Victory in Yugoslavia May Mean for Future Wars

… For eighty years a heated argument has been raging within the U.S. military. The war in Yugoslavia may finally have … in the 1920s. He argued that most of the U.S. military was obsolete. The United States needed only a powerful air … uses these resources. But civilians use them much more. And when bombs go astray (as they are bound to do sometimes) …
Wedding rings.

Getting Government Out of Marriage, and Vice Versa

… According to the opponents of gay marriage, the Nov. 18 Massachusetts … the state kept out of the nuptial bed. On those occasions when couples decided to seek recognition for their union, it was from the clergy, not the government’s fee collector. In …
Cover of Vodka Politics by Mark Lawrence Schrad

Bottoms Up, or Race to the Bottom?

Review of Vodka Politics: Alcohol, Autocracy, and the Secret History of the Russian State, by Mark Lawrence Schrad (New York: Oxford UP, 2014)
October 23, 1983, a massive explosion ripped through the barracks of the battalion landing team (BLT) of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit at the Beirut International Airport.

Middle East Remains Unstable 30 Years after Attacks on Peacekeepers in Lebanon

… a.m., October 23, 1983, a massive explosion ripped through the barracks of the battalion landing team (BLT) of the 24th … and one Lebanese custodian were killed in the attack. It was the greatest single-day loss of life for the Marine … Muslims, the Maronites objected to their presence. When violence broke out in 1975 after an unidentified gunman …
The Second Bank of the United States.

Enron’s Collapse Follows a Familiar Pattern

The crash of Texas-based energy trading corporation Enron is … had lost their deposits, and the federal government was left with a multi-billion dollar cleanup. In the 1990s, … public panicked. People rushed to withdraw their deposits when they realized that overextended banks could not cover …
Cover of The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union by Serhii Plokhy

"The Greatest Geopolitical Catastrophe of the Century"

Review of The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union, by Serhii Plokhy (New York: Basic Books, 2014)
… by the Soviet Union’s ethnic patchwork. The watershed event was the three-day coup in August 1991. Gorbachev was on … forestall the referendum, among these Gorbachev himself and Leningrad mayor Anatoly Sobchak, who had among his protégés … looming the White House had no choice but to cut bait when it became clear that events in the Soviet Union were …
Schools often have dedicated computer labs which different classes share for studying and research.

The Fifth Wave?

… Is something odd happening to the American economy?        Alan Greenspan, chairman of the … on the short-term market. The problem is the same as it was for railroad executives in 1860 or industrialists in … the do-nothing administration of George Bush). So when Speaker Newt Gingrich talks about “techno-frontiers” …
Michelle Obama speaks at the 2008 Democratic National Convention

Superdelegates: An Obstacle on the Road to Democratic Elections

… Why’s that? Because the Democratic convention in Denver has the potential to … briefly with making the process more democratic. It was during that experiment, in 1976, that Washington … able to abide by legitimately achieved majority rule, even when the margin of victory was razor-thin. Superdelegates …
Cover of With Our Backs to the Wall Victory and Defeat in 1918 by David Stevenson.

The End of the War as They Knew It

Review of With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918, by David Stevenson (Cambridge, M.A.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011)
The year 1917 went badly for the Entente powers ("Allies") … Wilson's terms to the fateful day of September 28, 1918 when Ludendorff suffered a nervous breakdown. Four factors … personal role...the fighting [would not] have ended when and in the circumstances that it did." 6 The military …
NCAA Basketball championship banners.

The Big Business of “Amateur” Intercollegiate Sports

… Intercollegiate sports had inauspicious beginnings.  The first college football game was played at Rutgers University in the fall of 1869. The … context of ringers and violence that the NCAA was founded. When at least 18 college football players died and as many …
The Statue of Liberty during the June 10, 2021 solar eclipse.

Solar Eclipses in American History

… James Fenimore Cooper, the pioneering author of  The   Last of Mohicans  (1826), was no stranger to adventure. As a youth, he served several … of the moment, experiencing with new eyes “the instant when I could first distinguish the blades of grass at my …
The Fire of Rome, 18 July 64 AD, Oil on Canvas, Robert Hubert, 1785. In the Musee des Beaux-Arts Andre Malraux; Le Havre, France.

The Great Fire of Rome

… Mid-July, 64 CE, in the heart of Rome , tragedy struck as fire erupted into a … Referencing the mythical Greek Orpheus, Tacitus wrote, “when people looked back, menacing flames sprang up before … extent and the firefighting techniques implemented. Tacitus was alive during the conflagration unlike Suetonius who was
Margaret Gorman, winner of the first Miss America Pageant in 1922.

Beauty Pageants and American Politics

… even his Presidential bid, owe much to beauty pageants and the culture they have helped to create. Long before Trump … season past Labor Day, what this event really offered was a public referendum on women’s place in American life. … tune in once a year to rate women in their bathing suits when you can do so every day from your smart phone? Today, …
Tanks rolling off a German assembly line in 1943

The Nature of World War II

… Ernie Pyle sat above a newly constructed port in Sicily—the island near Italy's toe that Anglo-American forces had … eleven months later, the Sicily campaign—Operation Husky—was the largest seaborne invasion in history, involving an … it was also a war that shaped and was shaped by nature. “When we send an expedition to Sicily, where does it begin?” …
US Marines fight rebellious Boxers outside Beijing Legation Quarter, 1900 – copy of painting by Sergeant John Clymer

The Boxer Rebellion

The Boxers, or  Yihequan (“Righteous and Harmonious Fists” … powers had de facto sovereignty over Chinese territory, was one of the most degrading aspects of Western imperialism … foreign delegations that had held out for six weeks. When it became clear that the Eight-nations would take the

'The World's Worst Humanitarian Crisis': Understanding the Darfur Conflict

… For the past four years, the remote Sudanese region of Darfur … and Central African Republic. The population of Darfur was estimated in 2002 at about six million, eighty percent … of Darfur. The Mahdist state ruled the Sudan until 1898 when it was conquered by the Anglo-Egyptian armies. …
Mikhail Gorbachev and President Ronald Reagan posing for a photograph in the White House Library.

The American “Nation Building” Mission and Russia

… During this political campaign, which has largely focused on the eye-glazing details of domestic issues, the most … that the Clinton administration had "played like there was reform" in Russia while corrupt Moscow officials … Bush team was too slow to provide substantial financial aid when it would have mattered most, for example, and Clinton …