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US president Bill Clinton and Chinese leader Jiang Zemin holding a joint press conference at the White House, October 29, 1997

The Next Cold War?

… How do cold wars begin? The question is becoming more than academic as the Bush administration gropes … to cast the die for or against prolonged cold war. But each one required Truman to choose between a more and a less … but slip step by step into a situation whose outcome no one can predict, much less control. However, cold wars do …
decorative element on a building

Karbala and the Sunni-Shia Split

Grade Level
4-8
Teaching Area
World History to 1500
World History since 1500
War & Peace
… 21st century, and is written at a level which is not easily comprehensible to 7th graders. I decided to create this … ways – as a political, religious, cultural, and semantic one. Students fill in a worksheet which asks them questions … a political difference?” Before departing, they write down one difference they learned between Shia and Sunni Islam. …
A portrait of U.S. Brig. Gen. William “Billy” Mitchell, who advocated for air power in the 1920s.

Rumsfeld Must Modernize U.S. Armed Forces

… believed, the U.S. military services had to become flexible and mobile enough to meet smaller and more … by as many as 72 fighters. These cuts are intended to free money to pay for advanced technology such as missile defense, unmanned drone planes and satellites with offensive capabilities. …
The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain, by Nicholas B. Dirks book cover.

The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain

Review of The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain, by Nicholas B. Dirks (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006)
… sex, drugs, and financial and electoral manipulation have become mainstays in political reportage. From Watergate to … the issues of the Hastings trial throughout the book is one of its most striking strengths. Dirks' impressive … trial to contemporary issues gives this book broad appeal. One would expect a fun, even salacious, read, given that his …
This stamp features the first stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Concord Hymn."

The “Shot Heard Round the World”: April 19, 1775 and the American Revolutionary War

… Road.” In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson , provided what has become the enduring description of the Revolutionary War when … had tremendous propaganda potential provided it was positioned properly. If Massachusetts men were seen as aggressors … their version of events to the London press before the official British report submitted by General Thomas Gage. By …
A view of the West Bank city of Bethlehem.

A Dawn of Peace in Bethlehem?

… Bethlehem this Christmas Eve, events in the town will have gone full circle from where they were four years ago, a low … relations in the region. By 2001, Christmas had become a casualty of Israeli-Palestinian violence. Israel … accommodating mainly journalists and Palestinian Authority officials, reached 50 percent capacity on December 24, …
An image showing slaves working on a plantation on the island of Antigua in the early 1800s.

After Abolition: Britain and the Slave Trade Since 1807

Review of After Abolition: Britain and the Slave Trade Since 1807, by Marika Sherwood (I.B. Tauris, 2007)
… slave trade. While the anniversary passed without too much comment in the United States, it was commemorated widely in … in the Americas. Finally in 1807, thanks to the impassioned efforts of the Anti-Slavery Society, the British … in Africa were often slaves themselves. Even after it was officially prohibited, slavery continued under other names …

Syria's Islamic Movement and the 2011-12 Uprising

… last chance to avert a prolonged and bloody civil war—opponents of the Ba'thi order remained deeply divided. Much of … population walked out of the Istanbul meeting as well, complaining that the SNC had no intention of setting up a … widespread unrest flared around Dir'a in mid-March, state officials alleged that General Supervisor al-Shaqfah had …
A COVID-19 antigen testing center in Warora, Maharashtra, India.

The Deep Roots of India’s COVID-19 Crisis

… to find oxygen, medication, and hospital beds. The official daily death toll now nears 4,000, and this is … patients’ access to lifesaving medical assistance, all compounded by the emergence of a new variant that may be … Even at this eleventh hour, there is much that can be done to control the pandemic in India and care for those who …
a woman caring for someone with HIV

What HIV Teaches Us: The Need for Affordable Health Care

Comparing COVID-19 to HIV is, in many ways, like comparing … mostly from California and New York (see Figure 3). All but one of those cases were men, and over 90 percent of those … a landlocked country in East Africa the size of Oregon, had one the world’s worst outbreaks: by the early-1990s, HIV was …
Rick Santorum at prayer, 2012

Rick Santorum and Fundamentalist Catholicism

… in the polls among GOP voters precisely because he is so comfortable mixing politics and religion. He presents a … to the group, include “indulgences (allowing people to pay money to indulge in their sins), inquisition (torture and … countenance to a false Christianity, quite alien to the one Church of Christ.”   For the Vatican, in other words, …
Chris Anderson asks: "Will you run again?" Gore replies, "Ohh, you aren't going to get me on this one!"

But Gore Did Help Invent the Internet

… When Al Gore allegedly claimed he invented the Internet, comedians, political  pundits and Republicans had a field … network, along with the servers, software and other components of what became the Internet, didn't differ from the … federal agencies. This was not so. At least  one elected official actively participated in creating the Internet: Al …
Polin Museum

A Postcard from Warsaw, Poland: POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews

… in Polish-Jewish history. After years of controversies and compromises, the final product represents the dedicated … heart of Warsaw’s pre-war Jewish neighborhood, Muranów, the site of the former Warsaw Ghetto, and it faces directly the … murdered between 1939 and 1945, the museum tells the full one thousand year history of Jews in Poland, when Poland was …
Shakespeare For All Time, by Stanley Wells Book cover.

Shakespeare For All Time

Review of Shakespeare For All Time, by Stanley Wells (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)
… testifies to this fascination. William Shakespeare has become more than a brilliant playwright from … myth without undermining the mythos. This work is the capstone achievement of a long and brilliant career in … works and with the productions of them, Wells is well-positioned to demonstrate just how meaningful Shakespeare has been …

European Disunion: The Rise and Fall of a Post-War Dream?

… has been characterized by friction, contradictions, and competing visions of the goals of union. The most recent … Albert Einstein and Winston Churchill. Despite a reasoned intellectual foundation and moderate support, the idea … of the same recurrent dream that for ten centuries has revisited the peoples of Europe: creating between them an …
illustration of people around a fire ring

The Causes and Costs of Barrenness

Review of Infertility in Early Modern England, by Daphna Oren-Magidor (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017)
… and legacy. Women, on the other hand, struggled to comes to terms with their infertility in large part because … correlated to ‘mortal sins’ like lust and gluttony. In one illuminating example Oren-Magidor offers, Nicholas … and cures for infertility in “Explaining Infertility” is one such example of this. In the section “Magical …
St. Catherine of Siena depicted on a wood panel.

Speaking Truth to Catholic Power

… scandal. Frustrated by a few unrepentant prelates, Keating compared their conspiratorial behavior to that of the Mafia. … bishops, Keating’s sharp tongue cut especially deep. In one instance, he publicly admonished Cardinal Roger Mahoney of Los Angeles for “listening too much to his lawyer …
Alert soldiers on the Brandenburg Gate, during the Spartacist Uprising

Victorious Weimar: Reframing the German Revolution

Review of November 1918: The German Revolution, by Robert Gerwarth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020)
… While 2018 marked the one-hundredth anniversary of the November Revolution, the debate over what historians have called the failed, incomplete, and even the forgotten revolution has been revived … into the context of other socialist revolutions is one of the strongest elements of the book. By doing so, he …
Ration distribution point.

The Other War in Pakistan

… Defeating the Taliban and al-Qaida is only one part of the struggle to build peace in Pakistan. … and preposition food for this emergency, all the while combating the Nazi war machine. None of the allies’ heroics in the Netherlands could have …
Photo of A. Mitchell Palmer, a congressman from Pennsylvania who later became the U.S. Attorney General under President Woodrow Wilson.

Cracking Down on Dissent

… Guard Home!” A judge issued a gag order preventing Drake officials from speaking about the subpoena. When word of … to keep close tabs on them. Spying on dissidents has become official policy since police departments were advised … Union and the National Lawyers Guild in Albuquerque have done in a civil rights lawsuit charging the city and its …
Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill Final Vote.

True Bipartisanship Is Not Love and Kisses

… as the president, claim it’s necessary for “getting things done.” Yet instead of efficiency we have gridlock.   In … Fathers designed it to have, while working against true compromise. That’s bad not just for Democrats, but for … whole.   Obama’s conciliatory impulses, mind you, are good ones. When James Madison prepared a plan for the …

Humanitarian Intervention: The American Experience from William McKinley to Barack Obama

… economic distress wrought by swashbuckling capitalism. As Commanders-in-Chief and liberal Protestants, the … they even threatened the capital, Tripoli. Flush with oil money, Qaddafi employed sophisticated armaments to crush and … for "leading from behind.") Transforming a French "no-fly zone" resolution into a UN-sanctioned military intervention, …
The Warren Court (1953–1969).

Blending Empathy and Justice

… on the Supreme Court, appears before the Senate judiciary committee. Obama raised the subject when he identified “that … greater to be human.”) fit Warren. Nixon praised Warren as “one who has held high office in this Nation, but one who, in holding that office, always had the humanity …