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… of violence and instability until 1922. Multiple communities of former tsarist imperial subjects imagined the … Kharkiv, a former university and industrial city, where officials oversaw an experiment creating a polity both … “The Fifth Kharkiv,” New Eastern Europe, no. 3-4 (2015): 30-37. For general reading: Julia Alekseyeva, Soviet …

… ten historical moments help us understand the long and complicated relationships Catalunya has had with Spain as … The Nationalists bombing Barcelona in 1938. In the 1930s, Catalunya’s long bid for self-rule was reborn in the … from Spain. However, in 1936, when a group of military officers attempted to overthrow the left-wing Spanish …

… President Clinton’s commission on race relations is dead on arrival. Most … Americans dared to believe that the commission would offer solutions and policy recommendations for a “Third … important new policy concepts, such as black sociologist William J. Wilson’s proposal to base affirmative action on …

… Richard Nixon’s White House records soon will be transferred from the National Archives to a library … with the Nixon Foundation. John Taylor, a Nixon Foundation official, is negotiating the transfer of the records. As a … staff, I am alarmed by this news. As their administrations come to a close, presidents establish foundations to raise …

… recently to consider their party’s future, many of them complained that conservatives had lost their way. They … This isn’t the Reagan era. Republicans would be better off looking for a model more relevant to our times.   In the … political reforms also hurt their cause. During the 1930s and 1940s, many Americans thought Republicans were too …

… movements; and the third being "crib-sheet books, the compilations, quote books, 'dictionaries' and … social movements reveals that, at least to him, few good books explore the subject. But, perhaps, this is about … also points out that Phyllis Schlafly, who held high office in both of these groups, was instrumental in helping …

… call “the law of unintended consequences.” That phrase has come to be understood as a warning that intervention in a … when the defeated incumbent Herbert Hoover remained in office until March 4, 1933.   The newly elected president, … majority (composed of Anthony Kennedy, Sandra Day O’Connor, William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas).  …

… of historical monuments on Sobaek Mountain mark the former borders between the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, … Seated Buddha, Mural Paintings, and more. Its location also offers visitors magnificent views of the sunset and the … lantern, a wood plaque reads “Muryangsujeon (無量壽殿)” and welcomes all comers (right). The founder of the Buseoksa …

… it’s a Daoist mountain to the east, a Buddhist reliquary complex to the west, or the tomb-speckled hillside to the … years ago, construction began on what was to be the largest shopping mall complex in Xi’an. During initial excavation, … as far as Europe and the Arabian Peninsula would exchange goods for silks, pottery, and other wares. Instead of …

… as an address about the "energy crisis" — the recent cutoff of Iranian fuel that generated long and angry gas lines … didn't move beyond their own self interest and embrace a common good. He called on Americans to unify themselves around a …

… Scandinavians also had a detailed legal system and honor code that expected certain behaviors from free men and … ties were also immensely important, for one often needed community support at the assembly to win a legal case. Thus, … History, as it is passed down to us, does not always make a good story—at least not to modern Western consumers, who …

… attention, the media inevitably turn to historians to offer some perspective. From the disputed 2000 presidential … Still, some have tried. The most irresistible historical comparison is to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on … victory. Few Americans in 2001 can expect a similar outcome. When considering sheer carnage, some might be tempted …

… and relying on military superiority and instead find common ground with its adversaries. In October 1962 Kennedy … as “human beings, with all the human capacity for good and bad, for wisdom and folly, rather than embodiments … of war,” we should meet with Yugoslav representatives and offer assistance in repairing the damage caused by the NATO …

… of “neocolonialism,” stretching from 1880 to the early 1930s, was defined by “banana republics” and “gunboat … U.S.-based corporations, most infamously the United Fruit Company, used bribery and other methods to gain the support … that lasted from 1912-1933 and to rule the country on and off until 1928. Liberal resistance to the U.S. occupation …

… an unknown enemy, one whom many Americans believed had committed an act of war. And, like the destruction of the … of America’s financial center.” By the next day, more than 30 people were dead, and within a month a total of 40 people … the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. “The bomb was not directed against any particular person or property. It was directed …

… safety regulation. And, as beer-making elsewhere has taken off in all sorts of different, dynamic directions, Bavarian … the price of beer per Maß (a Bavarian liter) and to limit competition for cereal grains used to bake bread. A … In 1871, the decreefound its place as part of the tax code of a newly unified Germany. A member of the Bavarian …

… the defeated document a constitution was only symbolic. It offered much less than the earlier treaties that produced … Agreement between Canada, Mexico and the United States. Goods and labor move freely in the EU, and the euro currency … a dramatic reconciliation in the European Coal and Steel Community.Ê Founded with four other countries in 1951, it …

… as the Great War still raged, Great Britain and France offered the Rada de facto recognition hoping to prevent it … were war-weary, and saw no Entente troops or aid forthcoming.  Ukraine’s signing the Treaty was something the … It is unlikely that Putin, in the wake of Versailles 2, will conquer Ukraine as his Bolshevik predecessor had done a …

… has proven itself mighty and tenacious to an international community that may have previously thought them quiet and … “Soul and body shall we lay down for our freedom / And we will show, brothers, that we are of the Cossack nation!” The … beginning to symbolize a Ukrainian secessionist movement against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. By shaping the …

… Nguyen Van Thieu that he would not accept proposals offered from the North and would keep South Vietnamese … shown the agreement, he felt presented with a fait accompli and refused to consent.   Believing that he had been … the role of spoiler.   Earning Karzai’s approval, however, will not be easy. Just as Nguyen Van Thieu’s vision of a …

… 26 of 32 Irish counties received considerable, albeit not complete, independence. The following day, however, six … encourage nationalist movements elsewhere in the Empire .  Officers in the British Army also worried about maintaining … Ronan Fanning, Eamon de Valera: A Will to Power (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016) …

… Now that the Senate has failed once again to muster a two-thirds vote for the "flag-burning" … about them. For a long time patriotic groups have drawn up codes of flag etiquette in such matters. In 1923 the War … advertising–presumably this would apply to businesses now competing the have the biggest flag in the neighborhood. One …

… afford to do so continued their education, while their compatriots with lesser means often found themselves … be called upon to fight might make us, as citizens, shake off our apathy and pay closer attention to the rest of the … higher morale and less turnover. On the surface, these are good arguments. The problem lies in the original motivation …