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Aerial view of Pearl Harbor, October 1941

Pearl Harbor

… of the 1941/42 Centrifugal Offensive was the Dutch East Indies and its rich oil fields that could make Japan … the bay, devoid of protective torpedo nets, without combat watches on duty, and lacking accessible ammunition, the American ships were easy prey. The Japanese pilots’ primary targets, the …

Pirates of Puntland, Somalia

… to sustain themselves in deep sea until the vessel actually comes by." Under the pirates' command, the Sirius Star … ordeal, the exception being the captain of the Faina , who died of a stroke soon after his capture. Ancient Traditions, … from well-armed Somali gangs who killed scores of soldiers, most famously those of the U.S. helicopter crew whose …
The original Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary, known popularly as the Treaty of Tripoli, written in Arabic, signed 4 November 1796.

Obama Disregards History in Favor of Diplomacy

… President Obama went to Egypt ten days ago to create common ground between America and Islam. In the process he … of American independence in 1778. He also reminded his audience of the U.S.-Tripoli treaty of 1796-97, which denied … North Africans stopped capturing American vessels.   It’s easy to understand why the president didn’t want to provide …
Barry Faulkner's mural, "The Constitution," depicts the framers of the U.S. Constitution.

Term Limits: Thank Goodness We Didn’t Have Them in 1787

… career began in 1775, when he was elected to the local committee of safety and then to the Virginia Convention, … as well as a term in the U.S. House of Representatives and died while serving in the U.S. Senate. Under a term limits … where he remained until 1821, when he guided the Missouri Compromise bill through Congress. Fortunately, no term limit …
Portrait of Neville Chamberlain, who was the Prime Minister of United Kingdom during the early months of World War II.

Lessons of Munich

… Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Edouard Daladier met in Munich with German and Italian dictators Adolf … really premeditated collusion with the dictators to fight communism elsewhere. Had they carefully examined the … “the two pillars of European peace and buttresses against communism.” At his first meeting with Hitler, he revealed …
"Mauerspecht" [Wall Pecker] 1989

“Remember, Remember the 9th of November”: The Fall of the Berlin Wall

… th century—the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism throughout Eastern Europe . The opening of the … The events in Germany were part of a larger wave of anti-communist revolutions throughout Eastern Europe. The year … gap between those who came of age after the collapse of communism and those who remember living in a world split …
Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center display.

America Needs New Words on Sept. 11

… surely will be. But they are inappropriate for this coming Sept. 11, no less than a newspaper printing last … And they have yet to ask all Americans to take part in accomplishing its ends. Lincoln spoke at Gettysburg to honor … National Philadelphia” and director of American Culture Studies at Bowling Green State University. …
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in 1964.

The (Character) Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

… King. Jury selection began November 15. The case hardly comes as a surprise. In recent years, the King family has … a fairly straightforward case like the King assassination become complicated with such stale, predictable theories that it …
Demonstrators protest the judicial proceedings against suspected White Power activists following the Greensboro massacre of 1979.

"Lone Wolves" No More

Review of Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America, by Kathleen Belew (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018)
Six founders of the Algerian FLN: Rabah Bitat, Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, Didouche Mourad, Mohammed Boudiaf, Krim Belkacem and Larbi Ben M'Hidi, 1954

The Evian Accords: An Uncertain Peace

… That paper, simply entitled “Declarations Drawn up in Common Agreement,” was signed in a town on the French side … to be domestic disturbances by terrorists. French soldiers patrol the hills above Souk Ahras, Algeria (1958). On … The signing of the Evian Accords assured peace, but an uneasy peace it was. The Algerian delegation exits the Hôtel …
President Bush visiting American troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day, 1990.

Selling Iraq with the Wrong Pitch

… President Bush likes to tell his usually hand-picked audiences that Iraq will become more democratic and prosperous because of America’s … for his policies in Iraq. Most recently he told an audience in Cleveland that Germany and Japan are democracies …
State of Israel Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon, pictured during a defense meeting held at the Pentagon in Washington, District of Columbia (DC).

Is Sharon Following in the Steps of Nixon and de Klerk?

… for this apparent transformation. Sharon is working toward complete Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip, … predicted Sharon to make it even this far. Two historical comparisons spring to mind when one considers the path that … P.W. Botha. Sharon represented the Israeli settler community better than any politician in recent memory. Yet …
Undated photo of the Reichstag building in Berlin, Germany.

Democracy-Building Will Be Tougher This Time

… had literate, talented, industrially and technologically competent populations, a huge help in building a modern … officials today talk of a one- or possibly two-year commitment in Iraq. After World War II the vanquished … prove only one thing — building democracies is not an easy job. There is good reason to believe it will be harder …
Children at Play: An American History, by Howard Chudacoff Book Cover

Children at Play: An American History

Review of Children at Play: An American History, by Howard Chudacoff (New York: New York University Press, 2007)
… play, adults' efforts to provide protective spaces indoor (community centers, YMCA) and outdoor (playgrounds, sports … and stronger peer associations formed as a consequence of compulsory schooling in the mid-nineteenth century, a gap … in modern American society, Chudacoff argues that a compression of generations has occurred that carries …

The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Ghosts of Ned Ludd

… in eighteenth-century Britain. Electrification and telecommunications , led by nineteenth-century American … legislation fixed the domestic agricultural market against cheap imported grain and inspired further radical agitation, … (1803-1815) prompted Parliament to divert thousands of soldiers in a heavy-handed crackdown on Luddite rebellion. …
This stamp features the first stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Concord Hymn."

The “Shot Heard Round the World”: April 19, 1775 and the American Revolutionary War

… Road.” In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson , provided what has become the enduring description of the Revolutionary War when … they would lose the support of other colonists and an audience in England. Massachusetts leaders thus collected … were shooting at them—a problem that has also frustrated soldiers across the world in numerous conflicts in the last two …
Close-up of the mural commemorating works of A.J. Muste on the War Resisters League Building in New York, New York.

"There Is No Way to Peace, Peace Is the Way": A.J. Muste and American Radical Pacifism

Review of American Gandhi: A.J. Muste and the History of Radicalism in the Twentieth Century, by Leilah Danielson (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014)
… and there was always a world that needed redeeming. When he died ten years later, scores of mourners, from New York to … nonconformist left. Historian Leilah Danielson attempts to complete the work that Muste did not. It is most useful to … and activism for Muste. He believed that liberalism, as embodied by the New Deal order, had failed precisely because it …
Egyptian Prime Minister Anwar Sadat, U.S. President Jimmy Carter, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin signing the Camp David Peace Accords on September 17, 1978.

Can Sharon Too Become a Peacemaker?

… theme the denunciation of Democrats as being soft on communism, opened up relations with the People’s Republic of … of state, Dean Acheson, ran a “College of Cowardly Communist Containment,” it was Nixon who radically improved … as either the dream of a “tender-minded” idealist or a Communist dupe. The common thread that connects all these …