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The Great Wall of China: Perhaps the greatest collection of walls in human history.

Top Ten Origins: History's Great Walls, Good Neighbors or Bad Policy?

… talk by some American politicians about Mexican immigrants coming to the United States, people around the world are … projects. 1. The Wall of Jericho The walls of Jericho come tumbling down (Book of Joshua). Image from French … West Germany, which resulted in a swarming of the wall checkpoints by thousands of citizens. And on November 9, the …
A displaced woman sits on a bed next to the remnants of her burnt house in Khor Abeche, South Darfur, 2014. UN Photo/Albert Gonzalez Farran, UNAMID

Sahelian Arabs and their Role in the Sudan War

… RSF as terrorists. Yasir al-Atta, the Sudanese army deputy commander, said in an interview on August 3, 2024, that the … of resources, the Arabian Peninsula would at times become over-populated. This led to mass migrations across the … Sudanese writer al-Sadiq al Raziqui wrote on Al-Jazeera’s website that mercenaries returning from  Yemen in 2019 were …

Humanitarian Intervention: The American Experience from William McKinley to Barack Obama

… economic distress wrought by swashbuckling capitalism. As Commanders-in-Chief and liberal Protestants, the … liberators in the age of revolution. Britons regularly bandied their slave trade ban as proof that they remained at … Barton's humanitarian aid, an estimated 186,655 Armenians died in the autumn of 1896 alone. The memory of the failed …

A New Congo Crisis?

… for current president Joseph Kabila to step down. It has become a cliché to contrast the Congo’s tremendous economic … his troops (a significant percentage of whom were child soldiers), reached the capital of Kinshasa in a mere seven … months. Mobutu left for longtime ally Morocco, where he died soon after. The relationship between L-D. Kabila (who …
Heroin bust.

Devising a Drug-Free World (Prologued, Season 2, Episode 3)

… on Drugs, it isn’t colonial China or Japan or Mexico that comes to mind…it's the United States. And for good reason. … And they're going to create their own drug control bodies to kind of regulate and keep an eye on how much drugs … it upon themselves to convince both domestic and global audiences that drugs were a universal problem…even if doing so …

America's "Big Brother": A Century of U.S. Domestic Surveillance

… by any other intelligence agency,” especially as telecommunication technology advances. Perhaps surprisingly, … It was made instead in the 1970s by the Senate’s Church Committee when it held hearings on the activities of the … Johnson. As intelligence historian Christopher Andrew points out, King was therefore probably the only major …

How Public and Private Enterprise Have Built American Infrastructure

… ongoing capital campaign. Workers survey the damage after a commuter train crashed into a passenger car near Valhalla, … banking expansion, and offering direct and indirect subsidies to speed up development. The mixed approach to … to the urban core. Thriving urban business districts died. The Pulaski Skyway in Newark, NJ, with the Lincoln …
Moskvitch 3 vehicles roll off the assembly line at JSC Moscow Automobile Plant Moskvitch, 2022.

Sanctions on Russia: Impact and Efficacy

… damaging sanctions against the Russian state, its companies, and its citizens. The sanctions were intended to … one of the most visible effects of sanctions to date, major companies left Russia. Multinational giants such as … armored vehicles. In another instance, the engines of Bombardier light off-road vehicles were found in the Iranian …

Who Owns the Nile? Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia’s History-Changing Dam

… surreptitiously acquired from Stratfor, the Texas security company, revealing Egyptian and Sudanese plans to build an … navigated until 1968 by a team of British and Ethiopian soldiers and civilians equipped by the Royal Military College … organized a stupendous pincer movement with one group of soldiers traveling from East Africa across Ethiopia and the …
Billboard of Nursultan Nazarbayev in Kazakhstan, 2015.

Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and the Democratization Shell Game

… both countries appear to break from the autocratic past and complicate our understanding of their political future. In … years of the USSR.  The two leaders quickly tossed aside Communism as a governing ideology and instead embraced … announced his own popular referendum on skipping his upcoming election, too. Lacking a more salient Islamist threat …
College Green, Ohio University, 1973.

Our Gilded Bronze Age of Higher Education

… universities to yield an annual, independent source of income. Endowment size has served as a proxy for academic … as well as the pursuit of grants and government subsidies. Tuition hikes also seemed to manifest the incessant … Elected officials nationwide are thus scoring political points by denigrating the crown jewels of American higher …

Yearning to Breathe Free: The American Immigration Story

… they simply never made enough to do so. “Many Chinamen have come; few have returned. Why is this?” representatives of China’s laboring community said in an 1876 address to Congress. “Because … Ajo, Arizona. That bipartisanship seems to have all but died over the past decade, as the resurgence of identity …

The Illegalization of Marijuana: A Brief History

… recreational use. Across the state, celebratory stoners welcomed the New Year by lining up at licensed retailers to buy … in the realm of alternative medicine, and few clinical studies have been conducted to confirm specific claims. After … Cannabis sativa , as well as potions, baked goods, and candies made from its extracts. With the current state-level …
Illustration of global public health by Giovanni Maki, 2004.

The WHO and International Public Health

… epidemiological data on infectious diseases, and offer recommendations on sanitation. The OIPH would later become a partner of the League of Nations Health Organization … for the WHO. There are many possible reasons why: Lee died suddenly in 2006, and his successor, Hong Kong-born …

"Y'En A Marre!" (We're Fed Up!): Senegal in the Season of Discontent

… loud chanting and shouting. Toyota pick-ups raced about, soldiers and police hanging precariously off the sides and … starting. [Y'En A Marre] want change and their patience has come to an end. Prices are too high, the power fails all the … most scenes, but cameras caught burning vehicles, bloodied protesters, security forces running down streets with …

Public Debt, Private Wealth: A History of Central Banks

… in order to separate it from the scandalous collapse of a commercial bank that had strong financial links to the king. … England differentiated itself from earlier generations of commercial banks was by ensuring that its own banknotes … and 2013. Indeed, we were still living with the barely studied consequences of the financial crisis of 2008 when the …

Should Age Matter? How 65 Came to Be Old and Old Came to Be Ill

… United States. The press, the government, and the medical community claim, often and loudly, that these numbers augur … Neither of these conclusions was foregone; both were expedient answers to social and political pressures. Indeed, … on Aging gave way to the language of political expediency. The problem was no longer dependency, but poverty …