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Photo of Tiananmen Square from 2007.

Bombings, Blood Debts, and Mutual Suspicion

… of Western powers have provided the Chinese state-run media with an abundance of material to work with. The sense … a lengthy analysis in July 1989 explaining how the “anti-communist forces” of the capitalist world, led by the U.S. … this view look positively prophetic. One after another, most of the world’s Communist governments collapsed, in an …
the U.S. Constitution, COM Library, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Why Getting Rid of the Filibuster Is Still a Good Idea

… will miss a massive opportunity to reform one of the most outdated and anti-majoritarian practices in American … anti-democratic, inefficient, and a symbol of legislative incompetence. Liberals in the earlier post-World War II period … of Oregon, pointed out that the filibuster was the favorite media example of how Congress did not work. He was right. In …
President George W. Bush shakes hands with China's President Hu Jintao following his visit and meeting Sunday, Aug. 10, 2008, with the Chinese leader at Zhongnanhai, the Chinese leaders compound in Beijing.

What Open Skies Can Do For Chinese-American Relations

… increase their exchanges and cooperation between their armed forces. A competition in armaments between China and the United States … was the 1992 Open Skies Treaty which is in force today over most of Europe and North America. An agreement similar to …
President George W. Bush sitting at his desk across from his dogs in 2005.

He’s Just a Prez Who Can’t Say No

… giveaway to special interests. Not surprisingly, pundits immediately coined this measure the Corporate Pork Bill. … in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Yet he repeatedly affirmed his reputation as a man who took personal responsibility …
President Barack Obama (painting) by Kehinde Wiley.

Who Can Write Obama’s History?

… and FDR.   Of all the recent presidents, Kennedy was the most historically sensitive — if we’re to agree with … himself. Which won’t be so bad. Obama’s already an accomplished memoirist. He evidently prefers to be his own …   The president-elect must make sure that he, or a trusted associate, really does get it all down. For no …
Pope Leo XIV in the popemobile at his inauguration, 2025.

Faith, History, and the City of God in the 21st Century

… Rome . If  warnings of the imminent rise of superhuman AI come to pass, he may be the last pontiff crowned during the … account before his accession—Luther craftily embraced the media of his day. For Luther, this was the moveable-type … was no mere metaphor. Significantly, Luther  attributed the most biting accusations in his  Theses “to the shrewd …
The colorful buildings of Tirana, viewed from the steps of the National Museum.

A Postcard from Tirana: Overcoming the Past

… dotted with reminders of this past, but the residents welcome visitors with true Albanian hospitality and intend to … the Soviet state, and with little regard for the historical sites of the city, Hoxha began a massive building campaign … by many as oppressive and the country became one of the most isolated in the world. The population of Tirana grew …
Mourners picket after the Triangle fire. Their signs, hung with black crepe, accuse shop owners of graft, locked doors, and managing workers in fire traps.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

… 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire killed 146 workers, mostly Jewish or Italian immigrant women and girls, the … 4:45 pm, the smoke and shouts brought them running to the site. They watched, helpless, as firefighters tried … watching scores of young women and several young men die, combined with the awful realization that this tragedy could …
Vigil commemorating the 20th anniversary of the 1989 massacre

New Protests in China Won’t Be the Last

… a way to use history when trying to make sense of China’s complicated present. Another kind of continuity between 1989 … it, and they did so for many different reasons. But when most Americans hear the word “Tiananmen,” all that comes to … being killed. This image is only partly right. In fact, most of the people soldiers killed on June 4 were workers, …
A U.S. Marine Corporal looks through a sniping rifle during a training in California in 2001.

Don’t Compare America Now With Britain Then

… will leave the nation unprepared for war. One of the most vocal and influential critics is Frederick W. Kagan, a … at West Point. To make his point that cutting America’s armed forces will leave the nation unable to deter overseas … and means to maintain its present overseas positions and commitments, it will fail, as did Great Britain in the late …
President Reagan in February 1985.

Will the GOP Find a New Reagan?

… they’d serve themselves well to look back to that most maligned of decades, the 1970s. In the years of Jimmy … the horizon in the late 1970s was Ronald Reagan. One of the most transformative figures — for good or for ill — ever to … They have shown no inclination toward the kind of compromise that characterized President Reagan on issues …
Mata Hari (1876-1917).

Top Ten Origins: Spies, Lies, and Moles: Oh My!

… spy. Since then, as this list shows, espionage became more complex and increasingly valuable. The times change, but … or the black ocean, that separates Kyushu, Japan’s southernmost island, from Korea . The society strove to obtain … at the onset of World War II . It quickly became the site for the British Code and Cypher School, headquarters …
The West Virginia State Penitentiary electric chair, also known as "Old Sparky."

The Truth About Capital Punishment: It’s Inherently Cruel

… procedure — is counter-productive. It's impossible to completely humanize an execution. There's always suffering … toward the agony of executions. As practiced by Florida and most other states with the death penalty, lethal injection … "is general agreement that lethal injection is . . . the most humane type of execution available and is far …

Viewpoint Iran: The Past and Present of the U.S.-Iran Standoff

… partnership.” Those conciliatory words, however, were accompanied on both sides with qualifications, skepticism, and … 1872 and 1891, British citizens secured monopolies over almost all of Persia’s financial and economic resources. … military achievements that appears on Fars News, a website affiliated with the IRGC, notes that Iran “launched an …
Cover of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer by Wendell E. Pritchett.

Invisible Man

Review of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer , by Wendell E. Pritchett (University of Chicago Press, 2008)
… the idea of a color-blind America. Media pundits and social commentators nationwide claimed that Obama's election … role in forming policy on labor, race relations, and most especially, urban housing.  His work sat at the … achieve more, and how his particular strategy might be revisited to meet the continuing problems of urban decline and …
US Marines fight rebellious Boxers outside Beijing Legation Quarter, 1900 – copy of painting by Sergeant John Clymer

The Boxer Rebellion

… de facto sovereignty over Chinese territory, was one of the most degrading aspects of Western imperialism in China. … northern China. Amid this misery, a mysterious group that combined traditional Chinese folk culture, including martial arts that they claimed made them impervious to bullets, and violent rhetoric …
A memorial to the Heaven’s Hundred in Kyiv. Serhii Kemsky’s photo is in black and white under the words Nebesna sotnia.

Heroes Never Die

… of 32.   What was the future that these young men, both named Serhii, wanted to see? The Euromaidan protests began … The last time, in 2004, Yanukovych fraudulently claimed to have won the presidential election, and protesters … were self-organized, people contributed however they felt most effective. When the protests became more violent, …
Woodcut print depicting the Second Defenestration of Prague in 1618

Out the Window: Religion, Politics, and a Defenestration in Prague

… spirit and with a large gesture invite an enemy to become an angel without further preparation or a flying … 23, 2018 will mark 400 years since such an act of conflict mediation sparked the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) and … possessed a secular and dynastic dimension. Arguably the most destructive period of warfare the European continent …
President Nixon photographed through a window explaining release of edited transcripts, April 29, 1974

Will There Be a Last Nixon Cover-Up?

… archivist with the Archives’ Nixon records staff, I am alarmed by this news. As their administrations come to a close, presidents establish foundations to raise … how the Kennedy library supposedly was opening “only the most favorable materials.” Nixon’s advocates pressured the …
Joseph Ambrose, an 86-year-old World War I veteran, attends the dedication day parade for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in 1982. Wearing a doughboy uniform like the ones used during the war, he is holding an American flag. It covered the casket of his son Clement, who was killed in the Korean War.

Tributes of Silence, the Honor of Words

… This years Veterans Day comes in the wake of fierce political campaigning over which … guns, and the solemn march past the all-too-appropriately named Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington. Many of these … candidates for office might sometimes imply. When pressed, most would concede that the idea of unanimity within the …
Labor Secretary Elaine Chao in 2005.

Written With the Blood of Miners

… the U.S. Congress and with the president’s signature will become law. While a new law represents a positive step for … it will prove a distraction from the change that’s needed most urgently — ongoing enforcement and oversight. The … The open question is whether, without disaster as an immediate catalyst, executive regulators and congressional …