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President Edelmiro Farrell (left) and the Vice President and Colonel Juan Perón, in April 1945.

Argentina’s Day of Loyalty and the Birth of Peronism

… Congress marked a consequential moment in Argentina’s sociopolitical history. The political movement became known as Peronism and the Justicialist Party embodied it. Perón’s program “New Argentina,” advocating social … for nothing less than a total redefinition of the social compact. Peronism permeated and penetrated all aspects of …
Suffragists with signs: "Votes for Women"

The Myth of the Women's Voting Bloc (Prologued, Season 1, Trailer)

… been lost, ignored, or misconstrued, resulting in modern society being confused by the current course of events. With the help of esteemed scholars, each season will re-construct the history of a major issue society is facing, in an effort to not only explain how we …
Official Program: Woman Suffrage Procession, Washington DC March 3, 1913

I have many things to say (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 2)

… I have many things to say (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 2) … says things like “Oh God, if I have to meet with these ladies, can I at least please pick the time that they come?!” … Oranjudio. Song and band information can be found on our website, and we encourage our listeners to visit episode …
Cover of A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920 by Dorothy Ann Pettit and Janice Bailie.

Before There Was Swine Flu

Review of A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920, by Dorothy A. Pettit and Janice Bailie (Timberlane Books, 2008)
… was upgrading the recent outbreak of H1N1 influenza, more commonly known as "swine flu," to a global pandemic. … young adults, those between 18 and 40, were most likely to die of influenza. The greatest strength of this book is the … of prominent figures, such as poet Robert Frost, and also the less well-known, such as children Bridget and Mary …
Barry Faulkner's mural, "The Constitution," depicts the framers of the U.S. Constitution.

Term Limits: Thank Goodness We Didn’t Have Them in 1787

… A subtext of the term limit advocates is that here is something corrupt or evil about being a professional … career began in 1775, when he was elected to the local committee of safety and then to the Virginia Convention, … as well as a term in the U.S. House of Representatives and died while serving in the U.S. Senate. Under a term limits …
The United Nations headquarters in Geneva.

Will We Turn the U.N. Charter into a “Scrap of Paper”?

… war,” Germany’s chancellor, Theobold von Bethmann-Hollweg complained as the First World War began. The “scrap of … the United Nations as a scrap of paper? We would be doing so if, without the authority of the U.N. Security Council, … seem that the United States might “go it alone” in Iraq, 15 European nations declared (Feb. 18) in positive terms: “We …
1942 photo of an American flag.

The Changing Symbolism of Old Glory

… Grandiose public displays of the Red, White, and Blue are also in fashion. The World Series in New York, the Super Bowl … Although the United States has often wavered from that commitment, the tragic events of Sept. 11 compel us to … at the request of George Washington. But neither of these points is certain.  What we do know is that the United …
Lockheed u 2c aircraft Image from Public domain images website

Brandishing Nukes–A Self-Defeating Policy

… translated into action. In the 1950s, President Eisenhower committed the U.S. government to a first-strike nuclear … U.S. prestige and diplomatic interests around the globe. In Europe, growing concern about U.S. “warmongering” threatened … “shock and awe.” Ira Chernus is a professor of religious studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and a writer …
North Korea's prime minister Kim Il-sung and China's premier Zhou Enlai tour Beijing in 1958.

China Holds the Key to the North Korea Problem

… As the international community struggles to respond effectively to the missile … for controlling North Korea, and the ability to do so, falls squarely on China.   The way that the United … intentions of its founder’s to allow each great power a comprehensive veto over any international action that might …

Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: America's Love Affair with the Two-Party System

… The left side of the American political-entertainment complex has passed the time since the 2012 election watching … After the war, which most Federalists opposed, the party died out. Historians sometimes describe the national … re-election margin, for example, was about five percentage points larger than the McKinley-Taft totals. His vigorous …
Admiral William D. Leahy in 1944.

Hiroshima: Military Voices of Dissent

… the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught … President Dwight Eisenhower, the Allied commander in Europe during World War II, recalled in 1963, as he did on … about a White House decision to the question of what soldiers in the Pacific believed, when the relevant historical …
Mata Hari (1876-1917).

Top Ten Origins: Spies, Lies, and Moles: Oh My!

… spent on war.” Astute then, Sun-tzu’s words still resonate today, in an age characterized by daily reports of … spy. Since then, as this list shows, espionage became more complex and increasingly valuable. The times change, but … and working as an exotic dancer. She performed throughout Europe and in Egypt acquiring a procession of wealthy and …
U.S. Supreme Court building.

Tearing Down the “Wall of Separation between Church and State”

… inaccurate, always misapplied metaphor that unnecessarily complicates our thinking surrounding religion and politics.  … first appeared in a letter from President Thomas Jefferson. In 1802, explaining to the Danbury (Conn.) Baptist … "prayers for the protection and blessing of the Common Father and Creator of man." Most other Founders …
Charles E. Wilson being sworn in

Beyond Civil Rights

… Clinton named historian John Hope Franklin to chair the Advisory Board of the President’s Initiative on Race in June, commentators greeted the news with low expectations. Fifty … “Electric Charlie” Wilson of General Electric to chair his Committee on Civil Rights, few people expected much from his …
Women working at a farm at Lamas district in Peru, 2014. (Photo by CIF Action)

Reforming Peruvian Agriculture, Again

… 2021, a diverse group of research institutions formed a consortium known as PERU-Hub. Participants included Peru’s … declared, the group trains “farmers, women, and indigenous communities in the use of improved technologies in current … varieties that could thrive at high altitudes, improve the diets of sheep and cattle, and increase local milk, meat, …
Gunslingers in the 19th century. This is the Ned Christie posse.

Gun Control and the Old West

… of 20th-century America. He’s used to sell everything from soap to hats. He is apparently also an ideal American for … to bear arms, but the record puts them behind “moderate, common-sense measures” for gun control — the very kind … six-shooter loaded with deadly cartridges is a dangerous companion for any man, especially if he should unfortunately …
The Fire of Rome, 18 July 64 AD, Oil on Canvas, Robert Hubert, 1785. In the Musee des Beaux-Arts Andre Malraux; Le Havre, France.

The Great Fire of Rome

… ? The firefighting techniques used by Nero’s men have also been questioned as it remains unclear if they hoped to … fire have long been questioned and debated, the academic community generally blames poor circumstances for Rome’s … from his imagination.  Tacitus, ever the skeptic in comparison, posited a different conclusion. In the absence …
Cartoon in Punch, 1906.

For Iraq, a Lesson from Africa

… to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The lesson is simple and yet has been almost universally ignored by … own independence from tyranny. But before 9/11, astute commentators warned about grandiose calls for democracy to … the rule of law governs, and where with democracy will come responsibility for the political classes and the masses …
President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton in the Oval Office in 2009.

Don’t Get Tough, Barack

… Well, this is not the National Basketball Association, where a player who’s deemed ‘soft’ can drop a dozen slots in the draft. You play basketball, Barack, so you know why it matters underneath the basket. But this …
Tommie Smith and John Carlos protesting at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

Ten Protests in Sports History

… Over the last year or so, the world of sport in the United States has focused on … in American sport involved white athletes refusing to compete against or alongside African-Americans. On at least … especially on issues such as retirement pensions, per diems, and other workplace considerations. Owners and …
A protest for nuclear disarmament

We Cannot Afford to Neglect Nuclear Disarmament

… including nuclear terrorism, disarmament never looked so desirable. Ever since the end of the Cold War, there have … for new nuclear weaponry. The U.S. refusal to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to eliminate nuclear test … over the U.S. plan to place a missile defense shield in Europe. Cooperation between Russia and the United States is …
Painted poster of Saddam Hussein riddled with bullet holes in 2003.

Hybrid Justice for Hussein

… international tribunal? Washington wants to avoid creating something like the Nuremberg tribunal, convened by the … former leaders have been brought to account for misdeeds committed while in office. But there are obstacles to trying … Nikolas K. Gvosdev is a senior fellow for strategic studies at The Nixon Center in Washington and a writer for the …
Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center display.

America Needs New Words on Sept. 11

… surely will be. But they are inappropriate for this coming Sept. 11, no less than a newspaper printing last … on January 6, 1941, when Germany cast its shadow over Europe and Japan loomed over Asia. Roosevelt called on … National Philadelphia” and director of American Culture Studies at Bowling Green State University. …