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Auguste Chouteau—Founder of St. Louis and Head of the Chouteau family

Blood Rules the Water: Kinship Diplomacy in Early America

Review of Masters of the Middle Waters: Indian Nations and Colonial Ambitions Along the Mississippi, by Jacob F. Lee (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019)
… his reader back to a Middle America before Europeans, as commercial and military power shifted between Mississippian … to place, Lee demonstrates that it is, in fact, a universal commonality shared by Indigenous peoples, Francophones, and … America and ultimately controlled by Native nations and communities. Lee demonstrates a mastery of the sources, …
The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks' declaration from Flag Day 1919 that forbade membership in the organization to anarchists, Industrial Workers of the World, Bolsheviks, and other organizations perceived as unpatriotic.

Sanitizing American Tradition

Review of Inventing American Tradition: From the Mayflower to Cinco de Mayo, by Jack David Eller (London: Reaktion Books, 2018)
… this Thanksgiving break, I took advantage of my captive audience to rehearse the impressions I was forming of the book … as a jingoistic celebration of the flag. Perhaps the most compelling stories Eller tells come in the political and holiday tradition sections of the …
Thy Neighbor: A History of Usury and Debt, by Charles R. Geisst Philadelphia By Spencer Tyce Book Cover.

Natural Laws and Predatory Lending for 3000 Years

Review of Beggar Thy Neighbor: A History of Usury and Debt, by Charles R. Geisst Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013
… key periods of global history, including the Roman era, Medieval Europe, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, as well … encounter high mortgage payments, pay-day loans, and pawnshops. Geisst’s first three chapters deal almost exclusively … Professor Geisst does not seem optimistic about the future of usury in the United States. Despite the success of …
The flag of the United Nations

America’s Intervention Predicament

… through the veto or some other device, such a force could become the rogue force the U.N. founders feared. But our … of major human rights violations, and which could not become an international troublemaker. Not an easy challenge.  …
Print depicting the USS Olympia firing on the Spanish fleet during the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898.

Top Ten Origins: Puerto Rico and the United States

… 2018, President Donald Trump made a set of disparaging comments about Puerto Rico. They underscored just how little many Americans understand about the value and complexity of the relationship between the 50 states and … confusion begins with Puerto Rico’s political status as a commonwealth, with questions about sovereignty, and with a …
A Mobil gas station in 1982.

A Case for Gasoline Price Controls

… successfully cut back many consumer prices. Bush frequently compares the war in Iraq to World War II. Last month, at a ceremony commemorating the 60th anniversary of the end of World War … the Gulf Coast, the price of gasoline skyrocketed. The oil companies Citgo, Mobil and Marathon all increased their …
Mugshot of Aili Jürgenson taken at the time of her arrest,1946.

How Two Schoolgirls’ Bomb Ignited Decades of Debate Over Estonian Public Space

… up a wooden memorial dedicated to fallen Soviet Red Army soldiers. Using pipes stolen from chair legs, a fuse, and a … the new Estonian government erected nearly 200 monuments to commemorate Estonia’s newfound freedom from the tsarist … interior and present-day Ukraine, respectively.  Bronze Soldier, Bronze Nights  By the time Paavel and Jürgenson …
The Tower of David in the Old City of Jerusalem.

A Peace Plan That May Be Worse Than War

… In preparation for hosting an upcoming summit of Arab heads of state, Saudi Arabian Crown … it has never been taken off the table. The proposal is commendable for its novelty. For the first time, the Saudis … to the pre-1967 borders, the Saudis’ territorial “remedies” exceed the nearly universally accepted parameters of …
The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Rus not Russia

… through a specious reading of history beginning with the medieval period and moving through the Soviet Union’s … that Ukraine “belongs” to the modern Russian state. Medieval history is popular when it is turned into shows such … not acknowledge. Rusian pilgrims travelled to Santiago de Compostela in northern Iberia, as we see from the …
Women from Guadalupe photographed at Ellis Island on their way to Montreal to take on domestic positions, April 6th , 1911.

Black Canadians and Pandemics

… It is possible that in choosing to volunteer in the Black community, Francis was aware of its marginalization. Being … Evening News headline for October 26, 1918 in Halifax. Studies of pandemics have repeatedly illustrated the … Montreal, and Halifax. Approximately 55,000 Canadians died. The number of Black Canadians is unknown, a fact that …
John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams: An Example for Our Times

… that history is now more viewed than read. The film’s audiences, however, should also remember that Adams’s defense … all, to effect mental, moral, and national improvement. Commitment to improvement of self and nation motivated … Adams fought the gag rule unsparingly through a brilliant combination of nimble eloquence, parliamentary skill, and …
People celebrating anniversary of the revolution in Mashhad in 2014.

Iran: Still Struggling toward Self-Determination

… even at the risk of confrontation with the international community. In persuading the Iranian government to be more … War, the United States believed that it faced the threat of communist expansion in the developing world. Iran looked … Director Allen Dulles, feared that Iran would soon fall to communism as China had, four years earlier. Having all the …
Drawing/wood engraving of the state capitol of Illinois at Springfield.

Can Illinois Again Lead by (Bad) Example?

… the honor. By the 19th century’s end, the U.S. Senate had become widely known, as it still is today, as a “millionaires … The Senate itself, however, had consistently refused to comply.   Frustrated by Senate inaction and persistent … Senate vacancies without a popular vote would be a welcome start.   A more substantial consequence of revisiting …
A photograph from the tumultuous German-Czech border in 1938 during World War II. The Sudetenland had long been a hotspot of contact between the two groups.

The Space In Between

Review of Cleansing the Czechoslovak Borderlands: Migration, Environment, and Health in the Former Sudetenland, by Eagle Glassheim (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016)
… the Second World War. Glassheim notes that with the end of combat in Europe in 1945, the borderlands of Czechoslovakia … of a tabula rasa whereupon their aspirations for the future and their conception of the past could be written. An … “always a foreign ulcer in our body.” That "ulcer" was remedied in Most by way of a forced “cleansing” or “liquidation” …
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at a press conference in 1964.

Martin Luther King’s True Legacy: Revolutionary Ideals

… civil rights workers intentionally created national discomfort in cities, north as well as south, throughout the 1960s. Holding true to his principles is what compelled him to take a deeply reflective antiwar stance in … that most of the American public, either because of fear or complacency, accepted the forms of inequalities that had …
Patrick Henry Addressing the Virginia Assembly. Lithograph from the painting by A. Chappal. Engraved by H. B. Hall.

A Time to Listen

… for Independence. "Liberty or Death" exemplifies the do-or-die attitude. Surprisingly, Patrick Henry's conduct when he … to 79. Had Henry chosen to fight, Mason's fears might have come true. The infant nation was fragile. In Massachusetts, …
President Bill Clinton in 1999.

History of Sixth-Year Elections Bodes Well for Democrats

… It has happened twice before in this century, and the comparisons are instructive for the current situation. In … but the subsequent fates of Hoover and Bush may not be so comforting for the longer run. Robert S. McElvaine, a writer …
Kagan, Obama, and Roberts before her investiture ceremony, October 1, 2010.

How Empathy Makes Superior Judges – and Justice

… Obama when he suggested that empathy was an important ingredient in a justice. In fact, the president was simply … to the Supreme Court.   T.R. recognized that those who become judges invariably have had close association with … which he has not drawn his clients.”   If anything, Obama’s comment was more neutral than Roosevelt’s. Roosevelt twice …
The Alcoholics Anonymous logo at a church. (Image by Rachel K)

A Brief History of Alcoholics Anonymous

… Jung.  Jung suggested that alcoholism might only be overcome through a profound spiritual experience. Following … alcohol including Edwin “Ebby” Thatcher, a former drinking companion of Bill Wilson.  Thatcher achieved sobriety and … to those treatments in mitigating other alcohol-related outcomes, including reducing healthcare costs for people with …
State of War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1945-2011, by Paul A. C. Koistinen Book Cover.

The Anatomy of the Military-Industrial Complex

Review of State of War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1945-2011, by Paul A. C. Koistinen (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2012)
… to the nation he coined the phrase "military-industrial complex." Eisenhower used that address to issue a warning to … spirit as well. In this book, Koistinen explains how that complex (he abbreviates it MIC) came to be and how it has … of economists like Seymour Melman and others who have studied the question. He juxtaposes the growth of military …
Abraham Lincoln Campaign Poster 1860

"Great God, What does it Mean?" - Lee's Escape at Williamsport

… history is the Battle of Gettysburg. While many will commemorate the battle itself, the decision not to press … and gravel roads in makeshift wagons, begged to be left to die. Cavalry guarded Lee’s precious supplies as the army, in … the conservative clique, fumed later that “The national soldiers … wished with a united voice to be led to the work of …
An engraving of Earl Cornwallis's surrender to George Washington during the American Revolution.

Hollywood’s American Revolution

… British regulars being routed by American Continental soldiers and a band of South Carolina militiamen led by … of the old monarchical, aristocratic imperial order embodied in Cornwallis and defended by the Redcoats. Not without … fire until ranks are broken and desperate hand-to-hand combat ensues. These scenes, realistic and at times surreal, …
French troops under Charles VIII entering Florence, 1494.

The Blood Behind the Beauty

Review of The Beauty and the Terror: The Italian Renaissance and the Rise of the West, by Catherine Fletcher (New York City: Oxford University Press, 2020)
… Brutal violence is not typically the first thing that comes to mind when observing the artwork of the … Renaissance’s greatest masters. For many, this art has become synonymous with the beginning of a new era and the … uncommon for military men (whether they be common foot soldiers or officers) to record their own impressions and …