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The original Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary, known popularly as the Treaty of Tripoli, written in Arabic, signed 4 November 1796.

Obama Disregards History in Favor of Diplomacy

… President Obama went to Egypt ten days ago to create common ground between America and Islam. In the process he … of American independence in 1778. He also reminded his audience of the U.S.-Tripoli treaty of 1796-97, which denied … justify attacking European ships.   Speaking to his Cairo audience, President Obama had good reasons to use Moroccan …
Cover of The Chiefs Now in This City: Indians and the Urban Frontier in Early America by Colin Calloway.

Native Americans in Urban Places

Review of , “The Chiefs Now in This City”: Indians and the Urban Frontier in Early America, by Colin Calloway (New York City, NY: Oxford University Press, 2021)
… in between. Historians have traditionally focused on the outcomes of “the chiefs now in this city,” namely, treaties. … was a man who traveled with an escort of Pennsylvania soldiers; who insisted on not only an interpreter but a clerk … near the New Lutheran Church, 1800. Teedyuscung died in a suspicious fire that engulfed his home city in the …
The Obama family attending a 2014 Easter service at 19th Street Baptist Church.

Democrats Revive Our Civic-Religious Traditions

… who make up the Religious Right, faith is important when it comes to moral issues such as abortion and homosexual … called such behavior “virtue.” Personal sacrifice for the common good would provide a necessary check to the selfishness that could easily arise when people become obsessed with individual rights. Civic humanism and …
President Bush makes remarks in 2006 during a press conference in the Rose Garden about Iran's nuclear ambitions and discusses North Korea's nuclear test.

Fighting a War in Name Only

… the global war on terror is the central event of our time, comparable to the great struggles of the last century … generation to confront and defeat global terror. This has become Americas mission to defend the peace through the … Thus, for most Americans, the global war on terror has become a little like global warming; we sense dimly that we …
Cover of Mother of Invention by Robert I. Field

Government Fingers in the Health Care Jar?

Review of Mother of Invention: How the Government Created "Free Market Health Care", by Robert I. Field (Oxford University Press, 2013)
… that translates to the future of American health care comes in his final chapter. “Health care cannot function,” … In this sense, government involvement remains a necessary component for healthcare to advance. In the author’s …
Emergency servicemen and volunteers remove rubble and demine territory after Russian shelling, Kyiv, Oblast, 2022.

Ukrainian Architecture at War

… Derzhprom building on Kharkiv’s Freedom Square is the most complete example of constructivist architecture in the world … was the largest single structure in the world when it was completed in 1928. To complete the project in a speedy two and a half years, 5,000 …
The 1999 impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton, Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding

How Presidential Power Became Untouchable

… or the Republican who aspires to succeed him. If so, the outcome will reinforce conclusions previously drawn from the … the conduct of national security policy. That legacy deeply compromises our constitutional system. Lessons drawn from … articles of impeachment in 1974, the House Judiciary Committee could well have included these acts as …
Custis Lee (1832–1913) on horseback in front of the Jefferson Davis Memorial in Richmond, Virginia on June 3, 1907, reviewing Confederate Reunion Parade.

Trent Lott and the Collapse of Southern Mythology

… drawing to a close, the ghosts of Southern history have become important players in national politics. The fallout … be raised from the dead by invoking the memory of fallen soldiers. But the civil-rights movement of the mid-20th century … romantic Lost Cause tragically doomed by their adversaries’ superior forces; they found themselves championing the …
Nationalist poster depicting Pakistani atrocities during the war

The Bangladesh Liberation War

… South Asia’s geopolitical landscape, it also bears a more complex and lesser-known set of legacies for how we think … murder and deportation of the populace—the army of Pakistan committed war crimes that reached the level of genocide. … of a Congressional sanction. The U.S., in other words, was complicit in an unfolding humanitarian crisis of astounding …
Destruction in San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake.

Another Pearl Harbor? Not by a Longshot

… Still, some have tried. The most irresistible historical comparison is to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on … victory. Few Americans in 2001 can expect a similar outcome. When considering sheer carnage, some might be tempted … in San Francisco claimed an equal number of victims. These comparisons end with the numbers, however, because unlike …
The Dalai Lama during a visit to Boston, Massachusetts in 2017.

An Effective American Policy on Tibet?

… Tibet. They demand that President Clinton act forcefully to compel China to change its policies toward Tibet. This … done. Clinton will seem like an activist president without committing himself to very much. And the Tibetans? In … religion and would just as soon wait for the Dalai Lama to die. Meanwhile, its members encourage the migration of …
Heads of delegations at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21), which led to the signing of the Paris Agreement.

Looking for a Common Language at Copenhagen

… of solving a problem facing the entire world, the summit’s composition best resembles a hodgepodge of national-or what … summits can’t bring results if those present don’t share a common language or a common tradition, no matter how … United States would parley from their respective heights of superpowerdom to manage both their relationship and the rest …
The Great Mosque of Djenne. This image illustrates the influence of Islam in the region and the building style of the region. Its origins are unknown but it shows the power of the emperors who built this structure that still stands today.

A New View of West African Empires

Review of African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa, by Michael A. Gomez (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018)
… colonial era has been relegated to the periphery of most studies of this period. In African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa , however, Michael A. Gomez places West … how interconnected each empire was and how intricate and complex politics were in West Africa during this period. He …
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum with a sign announcing the 70th anniversary ceremony.

A Postcard from Hiroshima

… of the bombing and was able to witness how the Japanese commemorate these tragic events. Hiroshima Peace Memorial … so severely that they had little skin left on their bodies. Several cried out for water, though when she fetched one man a cup of water, he died soon after drinking it. With buildings destroyed and …
San Francisco earthquake 1906

San Francisco 1906 and Katrina 2005: The Increasing Costs of Unpreparedness

… that followed the earthquake wiping out its business and commercial districts. Still the scope of the two disasters is comparable. The number of residents displaced by nature's … happen is great, such safeguards cost pennies on the dollar compared with the expense of a total rebuild after a …
Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980.

The WHO and the Eradication of Smallpox

… was the result of a decades-long global program involving complex geopolitical cooperation, human ingenuity, and … States and the Soviet Union worked together towards a common purpose: combating smallpox in 43 countries with a … she was diagnosed with  variola major on August 20; she died on September 11 and became smallpox’s final victim.  In …
The Senate's side of the U.S. Capitol Building.

The Framers vs. Sen. Frist

… needed for decisions we’re stuck with. The Framers weren’t comfortable with slender majorities when the nation’s … extended period. The longer the duration of the democratic commitment, the greater the degree of consensus they … While the ability to alter the Constitution is an essential component of democratic self-government, an easily …
Cover of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer by Wendell E. Pritchett.

Invisible Man

Review of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer , by Wendell E. Pritchett (University of Chicago Press, 2008)
… the idea of a color-blind America. Media pundits and social commentators nationwide claimed that Obama's election … success. History, however, might prove otherwise.  As we come to the end of the first decade of the twenty-first … through the Presidency, and Weaver never wavered from that commitment even when his strategy failed to make any …
Sister Rosetta Tharpe

The Mother of Rock and Roll

… The familiar, yet superficial history of rock and roll begins in the early … disc jockey Alan Freed crowing “That’s Bill Haley and the Comets rockin’ and rollin’ you with ‘Shake, Rattle and … even of sexuality. Tharpe’s career was cut short when she died of complications from diabetes in 1973, at the age of …
Ita Ford and Dorothy Kazel, two of the murdered women of El Salvador

The Murdered Churchwomen in El Salvador

… believed that anyone who opposed the military regime was a communist, including religious figures. This slogan, … to establish a doctrine that would serve poor and oppressed communities: liberation theology. While historically the … nuns based on their dress code. On December 4, their bodies were found in shallow graves. They had been raped and …
A view of the West Bank city of Bethlehem.

A Dawn of Peace in Bethlehem?

… relations in the region. By 2001, Christmas had become a casualty of Israeli-Palestinian violence. Israel … President Yasser Arafat, a Muslim, from traveling from his compound in Ramallah across Israel in order to be present at … the current Israeli-Egyptian relationship is infinitely superior to the incessant warfare that characterized the 30 …
Medical examination photo of Gordon showing his scourged back, widely distributed by Abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery. From at least the 1860s onwards, photography was a powerful tool in the abolitionist movement.

Can Reparations Heal the Wounds of Slavery?

… elsewhere indicate that the slavery lawsuit could become an invaluable tool for bridging the racial divide in … system, and perhaps even reaches the stage of exploring remedies, public discussion is likely to provide momentum for a … Yet an agreement that would allocate funds for housing subsidies, health care and education opportunities might be …