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Portrait of James Madison.

The Hidden Consequences of Campaign Finance Reform

… discussion of issues over party politics but make political compromise even more difficult than it is today. In 1787, … ratified as the law of the land, he argued that competition among many interest groups was the genius of the … National Philadelphia” and director of American Culture Studies at Bowling Green State University. …
The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain, by Nicholas B. Dirks book cover.

The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain

Review of The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain, by Nicholas B. Dirks (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006)
… sex, drugs, and financial and electoral manipulation have become mainstays in political reportage. From Watergate to … thoroughly and a few others not defined at all. A general audience, not familiar with historical terms from the British … scandal, his evaluation of both the past and present becomes all the more scathing and amps up the wattage on an …
Last Supper By Simon Ushakov, 1685

Reverence and Relics: The Holy Dead in the Pre-Modern Christian World

Review of Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation, by Robert Bartlett (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013)
… were an obvious denominational marker. “Part Two: Dynamics” comprises the bulk of the book. In chapters five through … a wide variety of miraculous events, including healing, supernatural occurrences such as levitation or the reception … churches, towns, and individuals over the course of the medieval period. Two chapters on the imagery and literature …
Nuuk, Greenland skyline with the aurora borealis.

Greenland Fantasies

… parties, struggle with their sexuality, track “likes” and “comments” on Facebook, experience domestic abuse, and dream … southwestern part of the island around 985 CE.  The medieval  Norse  settlers relied on the ecological niches of … however, Greenlandic walrus ivory faced competition from superior African and Asian elephant ivory, and demand faded. …
A bus that has been blown up by terrorists

A Who’s Who of Jihadi Terrorism in Europe

Review of Islamist Terrorism in Europe: A History, by Petter Nesser (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
… of Charlie Hebdo in 2015. Looking at specific case studies of terrorist cells and associated acts of terrorism , … France by connecting these jihadist veterans with foot-soldiers drafted from ethnic-Algerian street gangs in France. … European cells in Europe and established its own cells commanded directly by leaders in Afghanistan. Despite being …
A group of boys at Chirec International School in India playing Cricket, 2015.

Cricket without Boundaries: The Story of a Global Game

… time that the United States hosted an international cricket competition. In fact, the first international cricket game … ,  New Zealand , Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, West Indies, and  Zimbabwe —are regarded as the powerhouses of the … served as a powerful way to challenge notions of British superiority. While cricket thrived in places like India and …
Photo of the World Trade Towers after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.

The End of a “Safe America”

… buildings and a section of the Pentagon, on Sept. 11. Commentators have noted that the terrorists picked their … And when that style involves our shooting at others it becomes particularly problematic. U.S. warships lobbed shells … any other country in the world. Consequently, we ourselves come close to being a belligerent nation. It is time that we …
Thy Neighbor: A History of Usury and Debt, by Charles R. Geisst Philadelphia By Spencer Tyce Book Cover.

Natural Laws and Predatory Lending for 3000 Years

Review of Beggar Thy Neighbor: A History of Usury and Debt, by Charles R. Geisst Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013
… key periods of global history, including the Roman era, Medieval Europe, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, as well … law, for instance, usury is now accepted as a standard accompaniment to the modern market economy. Indeed, one of … usury to thrive outside of accepted society but under supervision. This vision of society illustrated by …
Cover of Wounded Knee Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre by Heather Cox Richardson

Where Our Hearts Are Still Buried

Review of Wounded Knee: Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre, by Heather Cox Richardson (New York: Basic Books, 2010)
… asked Big Foot, leader of the Minneconjou Teton Sioux, to come to Pine Ridge Reservation with his followers in hopes … east of Wounded Knee Creek. On the following morning the soldiers attempted to disarm the Indian camp. A shot rang out as one man refused to give up his gun and the edgy soldiers opened fire. At least 150 Sioux men, women, and …
Launching of the USS RALPH JOHNSON in Mississippi.

A New Cold War in the Caribbean?

… with his nutty words: the way the Bush administration has compromised American foreign policy and jeopardized world … Caribbean. The Navy claims it is resuscitating the fleet to combat terrorism, keep the economic sea lanes of trade free … the reactivation of the Fourth Fleet brings back uncomfortable memories of U.S. aircraft carriers, destroyers …
1866 cartoon by Daumier, L’Equilibre Européen, representing the balance of power as soldiers of different nations teeter the earth on bayonets.

Democracy by Force, or by Example?

… Spreading democracy has become the nation’s principal foreign policy goal. Yet there … one member said, should have nothing to do “with the wrongs committed by other Governments against those whom they …
Caster Semenya at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Woman, Man, Neither? The Predicament of a World-Class Runner

… mortifying and disgusting imperfections.”   Intersex bodies have always aroused suspicion. But many people’s … in authority have assumed that those born with atypical bodies were dishonest and fraudulent (say, in illegally voting … go either way. All it took was the parents’ unwavering commitment toward raising either a boy or a girl, and this …
Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle that Made England, by Juliet Barker Little, Brown and Company book cover.

Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle that Made England

Review of Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle that Made England, by Juliet Barker Little, Brown and Company (New York, 2006)
… successful, effort to draw the reader in to the late medieval mindset prevalent among the nobility at the time, … this ability to immerse herself in the late medieval point of view is both a strength and the primary … unalloyed sense of justification: She announces that the outcome of the battle of Agincourt showed "God had chosen to …
An image of the castle in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Orlando.

Banning Harry Potter

… too crude for refined readers. Twenty years later, critics complained that the characters were poor role models. By the … evil. Harry’s true magic is that he is empowered by his compassion and tolerance of others.   Potter’s antagonists … Harry Potter may rival Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield to become one of America’s most banned boys. Elizabeth D. Schafer …
Moskvitch 3 vehicles roll off the assembly line at JSC Moscow Automobile Plant Moskvitch, 2022.

Sanctions on Russia: Impact and Efficacy

… damaging sanctions against the Russian state, its companies, and its citizens. The sanctions were intended to … one of the most visible effects of sanctions to date, major companies left Russia. Multinational giants such as … armored vehicles. In another instance, the engines of Bombardier light off-road vehicles were found in the Iranian …
Mary Mallon in a hospital bed in 1907.

Who Was Typhoid Mary?

… tested and found to be full of typhoid bacilli.  Mallon had committed no crime. She had been unaware of her carrier … public support for Mallon’s plight.  When a new health commissioner took office in 1910, he decided to release her … Teicher A. Typhoid Mary Was Not a Super-Spreader (and Super-Spreaders Are Not "Typhoid …
American Anti-Slavery Society, 1837

Revisiting Long Histories of the Reparations Debate

Review of Reparations for Slavery and The Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History, by Ana Lucia Araujo (New York City: Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2017)
… enslaved Africans generated tremendous wealth for an elite community of slave owners, slave traders, and political … enslaved individuals and their descendants petitioned for compensation, recognition, and material support, known today … for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History chronicles the history of the …

"Merchants of Death": The International Traffic in Arms

… employed them in operations to deliver weapons to various combatants in Africa. By his own admission, he had flown … of those sales. In the period 1973-1980, however, the two Super Powers (USA and USSR) together supplied two-thirds of … surplus of the Soviet bloc that unpaid or underpaid soldiers and commanders were only too eager to sell for ready …
Muslim depiction of Muhammad - 17th century Ottoman copy from the "Edinburgh codex".

Iraq, Too, Must Separate Church and State

… strife between Sunnis and Shiites within your great community of Islam weakened the entire civic and social … and Methodists and nonbelievers in their midst, from becoming part of the federal Constitution. They firmly … the Americans was their capacity to unite in dealing with a common problem. The expectation that patriarchal authority …
A "bucket brigade" works to clear rubble and debris on September 14, 2001.

United We Stand? The Unequal Costs of Mobilization

… from new opportunities. But the patriotic fervor that accompanied wartime mobilization meant that unions were … who were a key part of the economy servicing this center of commerce. But, like the firefighters turned away from Ground …
Closeup of a ram.

It’s Gay Rights, Not Gay Genes, That Matter

… were torn as to how to gain acceptance from the straight community. Today’s emphases on gay pride and being openly … were nonexistent. Activists emphasized instead the commonalities between themselves and heterosexuals, … in 1965. In addition to demanding that the Civil Service Commission revise its policies to recognize the rights of …
Lyndon Johnson greets American troops in Vietnam 1966.

A Curtain Call for the Domino Theory?

… Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy. If Vietnam fell to the Communists, they argued, so too would the rest of Asia. … and Russia. Afghanistan therefore demands a heavy American commitment, although the degree to which that commitment should be military is open to debate.   President …