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President George W. Bush sitting at his desk in 2001.

Social Security: False Crisis, Destructive Solutions

… Association of Realtors, the largest political action committee, as measured by direct contributions to federal … will be funded by payroll tax revenues. The remaining 30 percent will have to be cut or funded by other sources. … In fact, the trustees of the Social Security system offer a more optimistic assessment. They claim that economic …
Bronze statue of Sir William Blackstone.

Back to the 17th Century: Money and Political Speech

… political appendages of their landlords and creditors. Sir William Blackstone, who greatly influenced Anglo-American … rather, he wrote, “[t]he electors themselves are becoming the oligarchy.” Mill’s fear, like that of today’s … “the wealthy need means to defend themselves politically against the greater numbers who may believe that their …
Judiciary Chairman Patrick Leahy meeting with Kagan.

What’s Wrong With Kagan’s Confirmation Hearings

… confirmation hearings are underway in the Senate Judiciary Committee, a rite of passage for Supreme Court nominees. … of Utah.   History and the debates of our Founders offer some sound reasons why any vetting of court nominees … to make law from the bench, while Democratic senators will portray Kagan as a consensus builder and an “empathic” …
Sputnik

Soviets Launch Sputnik, 1957

… of a satellite” to the world. Pravda put a distinctively communist spin on the news, arguing that “artificial satellites from the Earth will pave the way to interplanetary travel… our … humanity’s most daring dreams into a reality.” American officials – who surely numbered among the unnamed …
Rush hour traffic in Interstate 95 in Miami.

Finally, Too Many Cars

… afternoon filed required restructuring plans with federal officials. Chrysler wants $5 billion more in federal loans … starting to remake Maxwell Motors into his future Big Three company. In 1922, there was one registered passenger car or … and parking lots.   In short, we have enough cars.   We will need to keep producing and buying new trucks and cars …
Attica

A History of Athens Beyond Decline

Review of Athens After Empire: A History from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian, by Ian Worthington (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020)
… story, the myth relegates that city’s more interesting, complicated history to the margins. Ian Worthington’s latest … Sulla sacked the city in 86 BCE for supporting Mithridates against Rome. As Worthington writes, “no one could accuse … symbolic center. This generosity toward Athens was offset, however, by the looting of countless Greek artworks …
Cover of Civilizations of Ancient Iraq, by Benjamin R. Foster and Karen Polinger Foster.

Babylon Revisited

Review of Civilizations of Ancient Iraq, by Benjamin R. Foster and Karen Polinger Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. pp. xii, 297)
… some ten thousand years ago to the seventh century of the common era. They tell the stories of successive … voluminous correspondence, as well as his famous law code (pp. 77-81). A wonderful source for the social history … muster lists for military service, and receipts for staple goods, such as oils and textiles (p. 99); and the city of …

Protestant Preaching after the Age of Graham

… influenced preaching in the decades since. Three important components of Graham’s outreach in particular were … establishing interaction with his followers. In the past 30 years, a range of evangelical ministries have built upon … have a multi-million-dollar house in a Dallas suburb. The Bishop dresses immaculately and flies to many of his …
Soviet soldiers riding on a combat vehicle in Kabul, Afghanistan in 1986.

The United States Must Learn From the Soviet War in Afghanistan

… meanwhile avoiding the kind of mistakes the Soviet Union committed — or it will risk a similar defeat. In 1979, Soviet armed forces … unpopular regime. This policy turned international opinion against the Soviet Union. At home, the Soviet leadership’s …
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at a press conference in 1964.

Martin Luther King’s True Legacy: Revolutionary Ideals

… Martin Luther King, Jr. on the National Mall in Washington will honor a great American. However, when it is built the … civil rights workers intentionally created national discomfort in cities, north as well as south, throughout the … citizens alike exercised our political will for the common good. King and his generation did not fully succeed in their …
Soup Cans by Andy Warhol - https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79809

Andy Warhol’s Campbell’s Soup Cans, 1962

… on display, Andy Warhol’s 32 Campbell’s Soup Cans have become a canonical symbol of American Pop Art. Warhol, an … mounted on the wall in an effort to mimic the grocery store shopping experience. For viewers today, the series tends to … the time, Abstract Expressionism, featuring artists such as William de Kooning, Barnett Newman, and Mark Rothko, and …
Mary Mallon and other women sitting outside in chairs at a hospital. The women have blankets wrapped around them.

Who was Typhoid Mary?

In the early 1900s, Mary Mallon, a domestic cook, was unknowingly a healthy carrier of Typhoid fever.
… Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID:30085544.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519002/ . … Press, 1996), pp. 16-18, 27-29, 45-46, 71. “Spokane health officer issues order to jail COVID-19 positive man who refused to …
The ruins of Ludlow

Which Side Are You On?: The Ludlow Massacre and Class Struggle in 1914

… above in 1914) had struck for union recognition; the company's obedience to Colorado's 8-hour day law; the right … company houses; an end to being paid in scrip (money only good at company stores); and the elimination of various … which side you were on. The ruins of Ludlow   In the 1930s, the United Mine Workers (UMW)—the same union that …
Black Panther

Searching for Wakanda: The African Roots of the Black Panther Story

… was elaborated in the next issue (#53, August 1966). Marvel Comics’ dynamic duo Stan Lee and Jack Kirby created the … that the Congo was Lee and Kirby’s imaginative jumping off point for Wakanda. When Marvel published its Marvel … When the Belgian Congo became independent on June 30, 1960, what would happen to its uranium? Who would …
A rendering of the Battle of Fort Pillow, also known as the Fort Pillow Massacre, which was fought on April 12, 1864 in Tennessee.  It ended with a massacre by Confederate soldiers of at least one hundred surrendered black troops serving the Union, exemplifying one of the Civil War's transgressions of the norms of warfare.

The American Civil War, Then and Now

Review of The War that Forged a Nation: Why the Civil War Still Matters, by James McPherson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
Coming to terms with the American Civil War is no easy task. … citizens under new southern governments' "Black Codes" and faced terror and violence at the hands of the Ku … white supremacist groups, and lasting racial inequalities will recognize that these questions bear not only on the …
Nationalist poster depicting Pakistani atrocities during the war

The Bangladesh Liberation War

… South Asia’s geopolitical landscape, it also bears a more complex and lesser-known set of legacies for how we think … in East Pakistan from bases on the Indian side of the border. With as many as 15 million refugees crossing into its … of astounding magnitude. Monument to the teachers and officials of Dhaka University who were killed during the …
The Nature of Childhood: An Environmental History of Growing Up in America since 1865 Book Cover

Play, Paranoia, and American Childhood in the Great Outdoors

Review of The Nature of Childhood: An Environmental History of Growing Up in America since 1865, by Pamela Riney-Kehrberg (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2014)
… Places, backyards, and basements filled with televisions, computers, and Playstations. Riney-Kehrberg describes how … to be over” (9). Children succumbed to televisions and shopping malls, and parents succumbed to the fear that their … Riney-Kehrberg allows children to speak. The book is less good when focusing on the adult fears that kept children …
President Bill Clinton addressing a high school in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1999.

The Politics of Compassion

… George Bush has begun his campaign by talking about "compassionate conservatism." After securing the nomination, … what's really going on in American politics? A new "era of good feelings" like the "morning in America" politics of the …
September 17: The United States Constitution is signed in Philadelphia.

The Constitution, Congress and the Power to Declare War

… change” in Iraq has raised a constitutional issue that will affect the United States long after the present crisis … The Founding Fathers balanced the power of the president as commander-in-chief with that of Congress, the people’s … goes to war. They juxtaposed the will of the executive against the deliberative function of members of Congress, …
Film poster for Pather Panchali (1955).

Top Ten Origins: From Bollywood to Indywood

… Multilingualism in India is as common as daylight. India recognizes 22 official languages and its 1962 census recorded residents … barbed wire of history. This period drama does a reasonably good job of bringing to life a forgotten part of recent …
Liu Bang, or Emperor Gaozu of Han

Liu Bang, from Peasant Rebel to Emperor

… of China’s greatest imperial dynasty was, like Mao, a commoner. As with many dynastic founders, it is difficult to … Liu’s temperament as a child: he is variously described as good-natured, slothful, charismatic, and mediocre. His … in China, then and today— and he became a minor provincial official. By this time, it would seem, his personal …
Poster from a 2020 pro-choice rally that says, "If my uterus had a gun, would I have more rights?"

Theater of Cruelty

… feel like a witness at gruesome abortion procedures. Some will denounce Kennedy’s rhetoric as a distraction from the … right. However, even this discussion of pregnancy did not come close to the corporeal character of Kennedy’s language … the fetus to tear apart. For example, a leg might be ripped off the fetus as it is pulled through the cervix and out of …
 Brigham Young: Pioneer Prophet, by John G. Turner book Cover.

He Led His People Into the Desert

Review of Brigham Young: Pioneer Prophet, by John G. Turner (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012)
… As Turner describes, Young engaged in an on-again, off-again relationship with reformed Methodism as a young … of Young's evolution as a leader brings the full complexity of his character into focus.  Upon his ascension … Perhaps the greatest virtue of Pioneer Prophet is Turner's willingness to engage with how that type of unpredictability …
A photograph of Dr. David Livingstone from 1857.

Dr. Livingstone, I Presume?: Missionaries, Journalists, Explorers, and Empire

Review of Dr. Livingstone, I Presume?: Missionaries, Journalists, Explorers, and Empire, by Clare Pettitt (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2007)
… The writer Walter Benjamin once suggested that "History decomposes into images, not narratives" and Clare Pettitt … Beginning with a chapter on Dr. Livingstone, she spends a good deal of time exploring his life as an explorer, and … in the middle of the African wilderness, Petite illustrates again how our image of the event is faulty by looking at …