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British Fleet Spanish Armada of 1588

1588: the Spanish Armada Still Loses

… there, the French love holidays. May the first, International Labor Day, May 18, Ascension Day, May 29th, … on the market in 2020 and all 10 were purchased for the National Museum of the Royal Navy at Portsmouth for 600,000 …
The port of İzmir, pictured here in 1883, was an Ottoman quarantine station.

Pandemics in Ottoman History: Plague, Cholera, and Influenza

… (particularly those from Britain) regularly used international sanitary conferences as venues not only for airing … of placing Ottoman quarantine protocols under greater international scrutiny. Despite such challenges, however, the … measures by smuggling goods, exploiting loopholes in international sanitary agreements, and, in some cases, openly …
A traditional glass of Weissbier

Keeping Beer “Pure”: The 1516 Reinheitsgebot

… By the 1980s, the growing availability of large multinational beer brands like Heineken and Carlsberg began to … that the Reinheitsgebot was protectionist, the European Union struck down the law as an impediment to free trade in … styles of beer. Bavarian beers now compete on an international stage—one of the United States’ largest craft …
scene from the video game Valiant Hearts, The Great War

Top Ten Origins: Historically Themed Video Games

… one year of archival research, oral interviews, and international travel. The art team flew to Normandy, France, to … compared their notes against images from the United States National Archives to design digital environments that … factions with varying interests, and make use of U.S. or Soviet aid without alienating the other side. But the lack …
Copy of an 1890 lithograph depicting the Battle of New Orleans during the Revolutionary War.

A New Resource in the War Against Terrorism?

… how “war has been privatized.” Al Qaeda functions as a multinational corporation, with subsidiaries in more than fifty … as an honorable and effective way to provide for the national defense. Privately owned vessels, not ships of the …
Diocletian's Camp in Palmyra

Understanding the Middle East

… NATO, and also has been trying to be a member of European Union as a secular democracy. On the other hand, it is a … see that I will see Egypt as a birthplace of not only Arab nationalism, but also political Islam in its modern sense, … Diplomacy/International Relations …
penguin standing on sand at a beach with a plant and ocean behind it

Early Encounters with Penguins

… Spheniscidae. The LOC World Bird List provides an international standard in which all 18 species of penguins are … them.  For most of history they were not objects of international exchange and the peoples who lived near them had … big mass slaughter of penguins that starts to attract international outrage by the late mid- to late-1800s. As whaling …