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The floor seal of the Central Intelligence Agency

Getting Others to Fight Our Wars

… United States. Sometimes, in fact, we try to hide our hand completely. For example, the administration frankly says it … war syndrome. But eventually it became obvious that U.S. money, supplies and advisers plus South Vietnamese soldiers … Iraq and Iran made peace, the Kurds found themselves abandoned. Again, in 1991, after the Gulf War, with Saddam still …
Mosaics from the apse in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna. Justinian is the figure in the center. The mosaics were completed in 547 CE.

The Justinianic Plague

… Justinian is the figure in the center. The mosaics were completed in 547 CE. Because there have been multiple … quickly outpaced families’ capacity to bury their loved ones properly. Strikingly, both witnesses report that the … was extremely high (far higher than COVID-19 ), not everyone who contracted plague died. Justinian himself caught the …
Top view of engineer at desk with laptop, hardhat, and blueprints

Origins interviews the American Society of Civil Engineers

…   This is Patrick Potyondy. And I'm speaking over the phone with Tom Smith, executive director of the American … Tom Smith   Sure. And by the way, the next report card will come out in 2017. What we do is we look at 16 categories of … in the most recent years, then. Tom Smith   Yes, in fact, none of the categories went down between 2009 and 2013, and …
Artistic rendition of Space Station Freedom with the STS Orbiter Vehicle

No Cheap Ticket to Outer Space

… is spending on the occupation of Iraq this year alone), only $1 billion more than previously budgeted. Sending … millions of dollars, or approximately $10,000 a pound. By comparison, sending a 180-pound history professor across the … The Bush administration ought to commit itself to spending money now to develop new launch systems to reduce the cost of …
Pieter Bruegel the Elder's 1562 painting "The Triumph of Death" depicts the turmoil Europe experienced as a result of the plague.

The Black Death and its Aftermath

… came into Mediterranean ports by ship. But, it is also becoming clear that small pools of plague had been established … in Europe for centuries, apparently in wild rodent communities in the high passes of the Alps. The remains of … the founding of new universities and new colleges at older ones. The proliferation of new centers of learning and …
Scene in Ukraine

Ukraine, In a Nutshell

Review of The Conflict in Ukraine: What Everyone Needs to Know, by Serhy Yekelchyk (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
… fascinating book The Conflict in Ukraine: What Everyone Needs to Know  should be required reading for any … the reader.   The reviewer’s photos during the peaceful component of the pro-democracy EuroMaidan protests.  December … Review of The Conflict in Ukraine: What Everyone Needs to Know , by Serhy Yekelchyk (New York: Oxford …
The famously burly W.G. Grace was one of Britain's most famous cricket players who stood out from the crowd with both his imposing career and his imposing facial hair.

A Long History of Close Shaves

Review of Of Beards and Men: The Revealing History of Facial Hair, by Christopher Oldstone-Moore (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016)
… shave tell the world about his character?  Christopher Oldstone-Moore’s new book Of Beards and Men: The Revealing … controlled images of masculinity. This lens has led Oldstone-Moore to posit four “principles of beard history” which … ancient Mesopotamian history. The bearded warrior kings and completely shaven priestly classes established a clear …
Spanish and French troops in Afghanistan in 2005.

Calling Al-Qaeda Fascist Doesn’t Make It So

… that the West is "at war with Islamic fascists." In case anyone missed the point, a few days later Bush described … a "totalitarian ideology" menacing people everywhere. This comparison between Islamic radicalism and fascism, which … The United States and its allies have already occupied the one state ever to come under direct al-Qaeda control, …
Burning ships after the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor.

Not Only Action but Accountability

… Every commentator in America is drawing the parallel between the … Qaeda organization could not strike the American homeland? Honest accounting will be required — but not from the … and the conclusion of the Gulf War? It is imperative that one great injustice of World War II — the wholesale roundup …
Martin Luther King Jr. Day March at Southern Arkansas University.

Martin Luther King Jr. Day: A Holiday the Nation Resisted

… the holiday or diminished it by linking it to Confederate commemorations.  Federal recognition had finally arrived, … avoid reckoning with what King actually demanded : an honest confrontation with racism, inequality, militarism, and … King’s contributions or his critiques. Congress was not alone.  Polling from the period shows that a majority of white …
Lockheed u 2c aircraft Image from Public domain images website

Brandishing Nukes–A Self-Defeating Policy

… translated into action. In the 1950s, President Eisenhower committed the U.S. government to a first-strike nuclear … useless if he could not see what his enemy was doing. Everyone in the Kremlin knew that the United States could indeed … to the brink of war in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. No one can say yet what the Bush administration’s talk of …
Emperor Hirohito of Japan in 1971.

Playing Fast and Loose with Historical Analogies

… was the reinterpretation of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Comparing President Kennedy’s action and President Bush’s … administration lacks the kind of documentary evidence that compelled Kennedy to act. Kennedy resisted the use of force … exactly the situation his imperious personality required. One might not agree with all that he did in Japan or with …
In this 1805 painting, the artist imagines American planter and Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins teaching Creeks to use a plow on his Georgia plantation.

Reflecting on Justice 200 Years after the Creek Civil War

… allows us to reflect on such important ideas as justice, communal violence, and political legitimacy. Like any civil … centralized their authority, many in Creek country questioned the new government’s legitimacy. Differing notions of … “to pay, according to law.” Little Warrior’s execution was one of the sparks that ignited the Creek War. Seminoles and …
1866 cartoon by Daumier, L’Equilibre Européen, representing the balance of power as soldiers of different nations teeter the earth on bayonets.

Democracy by Force, or by Example?

… Spreading democracy has become the nation’s principal foreign policy goal. Yet there … noble legacy they’d inherited from the Greeks. They raised money and sent clothes for the valiant champions of liberty. … States might do about a situation so far away. Americans, one member said, should have nothing to do “with the wrongs …
Illustration of Adam and Eve.

Changing the Constitution to Protect Adam and Eve?

… bingo games in the town of Jasper to providing for the compensation of the Judge of Probate in Barbour County. As a … is a bad idea. Backlash is a sorry reason for doing it, one unlikely to yield good constitutional law. Ralph E. …
Egyptian Prime Minister Anwar Sadat, U.S. President Jimmy Carter, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin signing the Camp David Peace Accords on September 17, 1978.

Can Sharon Too Become a Peacemaker?

… led to a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt that none of Begin’s opponents, previous Labor Party prime ministers, had seriously … theme the denunciation of Democrats as being soft on communism, opened up relations with the People’s Republic of … Can Sharon Too Become a Peacemaker? …
Cambodia's Prime Minister Hun Sen in 2012.

War Crimes: The “New Era” Looks Like the Old

… surface of this dispute is a fundamental clash between the competing claims of national sovereignty and universal human … in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, East Timor and Sierra Leone. Throughout the 1990s, the basic distinction between … Khmer Rouge leaders was a political question, not a legal one: “If the lawyers have evolved and changed both in morals …
Sir Christopher Wren

The Society That Started It All: The Origins of Modern Science

Review of The Royal Society and the Invention of Modern Science, by Adrian Tinniswood (New York: Basic Books, 2019.)
… to elevate them to an esteemed position in the eyes of competing Oxbridge scientists, derisive Anglican clergy, and … tradition and embraced modern scientific inquiry: take no one’s word for it. Gresham College as it appeared before it … conferences.) Tinniswood also provides two subtler, yet nonetheless important, takeaways regarding scientific …
The Palins and McCains in Fairfax, Virginia, September 2008.

Why the Sarah Palin Gamble Didn’t Pay Off

… John McCain probably lost whatever chance he had to become president on August 28, the day he invited Sarah Palin … preferred Biden to Palin by wide margins. That disparity alone would not have influenced voters if they were not … most important message of this historic election, but it is one worth remembering. Joel K. Goldstein is the Vincent C. …
President George W. Bush in 2004.

Bush: Gaining on James Buchanan for Last Place

… it by insisting on pursuing a foolish go-it-almost-alone invasion of Iraq, thereby transforming almost universal … available military forces and be a bottomless pit for the money of American taxpayers for years to come. •  Failed to follow through in Afghanistan, where the …
Pledge of Allegiance plaque

When Congress Tampers with the Court’s Independence

… the American people that the federal courts would not become oppressive, the framers of the Constitution argued that … who would become chief justice and do more than anyone to make the Supreme Court a co-equal branch of … granted to unpopular individuals that it came within one vote of preventing the Supreme Court from hearing cases …
 Reagan in 1982.

Measuring Reagan for Greatness

… immortality. A better approach than polling is to compare Reagan with past presidents who are now regarded as … Reagan left office. Great presidents are also effective communicators. Lincoln was the finest speechmaker in … and Truman promised social justice. Woodrow Wilson envisioned eternal peace. Reagan too had a clear vision for his …