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The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks' declaration from Flag Day 1919 that forbade membership in the organization to anarchists, Industrial Workers of the World, Bolsheviks, and other organizations perceived as unpatriotic.

Sanitizing American Tradition

Review of Inventing American Tradition: From the Mayflower to Cinco de Mayo, by Jack David Eller (London: Reaktion Books, 2018)
… it as a jingoistic celebration of the flag. Perhaps the most compelling stories Eller tells come in the political and holiday tradition sections of the …
Cover of The Chiefs Now in This City: Indians and the Urban Frontier in Early America by Colin Calloway.

Native Americans in Urban Places

Review of , “The Chiefs Now in This City”: Indians and the Urban Frontier in Early America, by Colin Calloway (New York City, NY: Oxford University Press, 2021)
… Native Americans visited colonial cities from New Orleans to Montreal, Boston, … in between. Historians have traditionally focused on the outcomes of “the chiefs now in this city,” namely, treaties. … best. Whereas tribal delegations punctuated the calendar of most colonial towns, “other Indian people,” Calloway reminds …
Fully lit Menorah

Chanukah Candles Shed Light on Mideast Conflict

… So the Israeli rift spills over into Jewish life here. Most U.S. Jews find the Orthodox too intolerant, too alien … Surely they know that nothing brings people together like a common enemy. But in the United States, the "rally round the …
The Industrial Workers of the World poster "Pyramid of Capitalist System" (1911).

Is Greed Good? It Depends on the Times

… financial titans who amassed riches while pushing their companies and the American economy over the cliff. But will … positive words that suggest that greed, as Gordon Gekko claimed in Oliver Stone’s film, “Wall Street,” is “good.”   In … to attain it. Acquiring a fortune remains only a dream for most, but the dream affects their judgments about people who …
Cover of Space Travel, November 1958

Gingrich and Romney: Right and Wrong on Space Travel

… When Newt Gingrich proclaimed that the United States should establish a base on the … — have orbited the earth since 1961. Space travel cannot become cheap until the age of rocketry is replaced by an age … environment of space.    Rockets cost so much because most of their weight is fuel. Usually 1 percent or less of …
Rep Joe WIlson fan club with a poster that reads, "You lie!"

Brooks to Thurmond to Wilson

… Ruffin, a transplant to South Carolina from Virginia, claimed to have fired the first shot on Fort Sumter, thus … himself in the head after the South lost the war.   The most beloved South Carolina politician of the more recent … standard-bearer for South Carolina. Among his many accomplishments, Thurmond holds the record for conducting the …
President Reagan recites the Pledge of Allegiance with students from a Detroit Catholic school in 1984.

Affirming “Under God” Ruling Is a Higher Form of Patriotism

… all. Last week the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a controversial 2002 ruling that public schools can't … pledge, the reaction to last week's news has been muted. Almost everyone, it appears, expects the Supreme Court to … evangelical Rev. Billy Graham rose to celebrity denouncing communism as a "satanic religion," while Secretary of State …
George Holliday's footage of Rodney King being beaten by police in 1991

The 1992 Los Angeles Rebellion: “No Justice, No Peace”

… and Tasers. Unbeknownst to the officers, a bystander filmed the beating and gave the tape to a local news station. … evidence of the LAPD’s excessive use of force and confirmed complaints of police brutality made by black and Latino … combined with the history of police shootings and brutality—most notably the 1979 police killing of thirty-nine-year-old …
Rush hour traffic in Interstate 95 in Miami.

Finally, Too Many Cars

… starting to remake Maxwell Motors into his future Big Three company. In 1922, there was one registered passenger car or … of a car (or two) in every driveway.   From Keystone Cops comedies to contemporary movie chases to sophisticated art, … Babbitt treasured his car: “To George F. Babbitt, as to most prosperous citizens of Zenith, his motor car was poetry …
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and outgoing President Herbert Hoover on Inauguration Day in 1933.

COVID, the New Deal, and the Importance of Leadership

… everyone thought Roosevelt was up to the task. Political commentator Walter Lippmann called him “a kind of amiable … for defense, then for war , the economic crisis vanished almost overnight. William Gropper's mural 'Construction of a … process. In his reelection campaign of 1936, he proclaimed of the business community, “Never before in all our …
Burning ships after the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor.

Not Only Action but Accountability

… Every commentator in America is drawing the parallel between the … within the intelligence community such as Ames and Hanssen. Most Americans are familiar with the security lapses prior … from Bosnia, the Middle East and South Asia. Gen. Boyd summed up the reality we face on September 12, 2001: “Those who …
Cartoon in Punch, 1906.

For Iraq, a Lesson from Africa

… of the Congo (DRC). The lesson is simple and yet has been almost universally ignored by American politicians and … gunpoint, and civil servants refused to carry out even the most rudimentary aspects of their jobs without demanding … own independence from tyranny. But before 9/11, astute commentators warned about grandiose calls for democracy to …
From the 2011 UN Climate Change Conference in Durban, South Africa.

Top Ten Origins: Climate Change

… on the planet) than climate change . Yet, despite an almost unprecedented scientific consensus on the issue, there … Change over Geologic Time The massive eruptions that formed the Deccan Traps about 66 million years ago altered … gasses drove rapid changes in global climate. Faster computers and better climate models have improved forecasts …
The culminating moment of Alice, when the pretense of power is exposed and collapses. Carroll was very concerned throughout his life with giving a wide audience of people, not just his Christ Church students, the tools of logical thinking so that they would not be the victims of demagogues and ideologies.

Everyone’s Inner Child Turns 150 Years Old

… our own purposes as well. Zombie Alice at 2014 New York ComicCon. Cosplaying is one way people have taken ownership … something new and meaningful to them. Image by Rich S.  In most stories for children leading up to 1865, the point of … corners of our eye, and, along with Alice, we are transformed. …
Downstream view of Marco Polo Bridge by Thomas Child, 1877. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937)

… and the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) may have had little immediate importance for Americans and Europeans but it … remain the same. By the end of the war, Japan would lose most of its post-1868 empire, including Korea and Taiwan . The Chinese Communist Party would be reborn and re-legitimized through …
Richesons Church in Hyannis, Massachusetts.

The Separation of Church and State Is Rooted in American Christianity

… and state corrupted both institutions. The state risked becoming subject to religious controversies that would … a personal relationship with God. Making the state an intermediary would destroy that close relationship. As … led to disestablishment. In Massachusetts, for example, the most conservative Congregational ministers sought to …
Pledge of Allegiance plaque

When Congress Tampers with the Court’s Independence

… the American people that the federal courts would not become oppressive, the framers of the Constitution argued that … Supreme Court consideration. John Marshall, who would become chief justice and do more than anyone to make the … avoid a constitutional confrontation with Congress. The most explicit exercise of such congressional authority was …
Kosovo is located to the south of Serbia.

The Perils of Breaking Away

… going to receive international approval for its quest to become an independent nation. While many inside Kosovo and out … on the province’s future by the end of 2006, and will almost certainly recommend steps toward independence. It now … states’ sovereignty and territorial integrity under almost all circumstances; intervening to stop genocide is one …
Saxonburg Memorial Church.

Does the First Amendment Separate Church and State?

… Delaware Senatorial candidate Christine O'Donnell's recent comment–wondering whether “separation of church and state” … O'Donnell even more. It's true, of course, as many commentators have pointed out, that the words "separation," …
October 23, 1983, a massive explosion ripped through the barracks of the battalion landing team (BLT) of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit at the Beirut International Airport.

Middle East Remains Unstable 30 Years after Attacks on Peacekeepers in Lebanon

… International Airport. Originating from a truck that had rammed through the marines’ perimeter, the detonation struck … to achieve stability in the Middle East in the face of complex, multi-faceted challenges. With atrocities now … reform to reflect this reality. Several Maronite leaders, most notably Pierre Gemayel, formed militias to protect the …