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President Bush makes remarks in 2006 during a press conference in the Rose Garden about Iran's nuclear ambitions and discusses North Korea's nuclear test.

After 50 Years, a Great Military Debate Resumes

… whether the United States should send troops to Europe and commit itself to acting in concert with NATO allies.  … the world. But they wanted America to be free to act alone. They feared that alliances would  become entangling and … than the Democrats, in the Taftite spirit. But there is one crucial difference. In Taft's day, the NATO allies had …
Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo and Chairman Kim Jong Un of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea attend a working lunch in Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea on October 7, 2018.

Kim Jong-un and the “Madman Theory” of Diplomacy

… This is the notion that a leader can out maneuver his opponents by convincing them he might just be unstable enough … that I may start some action is a constant check on the Communists,” Rhee told Nixon. Nixon thought so highly of … Nixon aide Leonard Garment gave a similar message to Soviet officials in Moscow, telling them Nixon could be “a …
book cover - Helmut Walser Smith, The Butcher’s Tale: Murder and Anti-Semitism in a German Town

Top Ten Origins: Summer 2019 Must Reads

… The perfect companion to nearly any summer activity is a good book. And, … was the disaster more devastating and longer-lasting than officials acknowledged (and not limited to the Chernobyl “exclusion zone”), she also charges that the damage of low-dose exposure …
With its rhetoric of "the 99%" (the people) against "the 1%" (the elite), the international Occupy movement is an example of a (left-wing) populist social movement.

A New Populism in the United States

… Americans and white working-class Americans are likely to come out in large numbers in support of an independent … of opportunities, the unlikely duo may just have created one of the most promising opportunities for a new populism … have increased by 55 percent in the last two years alone — from 14.8 percent in 1998 to 23 percent in 1999. The …
The Prima Porta Statue shows a powerful and youthful Augustus making an address

Celebrating Roman Emperor Augustus

… forming a military junta, then violently eliminating any competition before fighting the other members of the junta. … had become the sole Roman ruler). Instead he made a show of officially giving all of his powers back to the people of … by his cunning, as if he became a monarch with hardly anyone noticing. But, while we have little record of what …
President George W. Bush meets with his cabinet after his re-election.

The Founders Never Imagined a Bush Administration

… insisted that there can be no limits to the power of the commander-in-chief in time of war. More recently the … has produced a devilish conundrum. President Bush has given Commander-in-Chief Bush unlimited wartime authority. But the … Madison defined tyranny as the concentration of powers in one branch of the government. "The great security against a …
Glass negative of Kaiser Wilhelm.

A New Kind of Anti-Americanism

… trade, encouraging the development of the European common market and paying the lion’s share for NATO, the … supporting right-wing dictatorships in the name of halting communism, but also saw the United States as a defender of … formed an alliance that halted German expansion. While no one would compare President Bush literally to Kaiser …
Immigrant rights march for amnesty in downtown Los Angeles, California on May Day, 2006.

Make Residency, Not Just Working, Legal

… about immigrants for the past thirty years. Of course they come from a long line of immigrant restrictionists. FAIR … were immigrants, too. In the middle of the 19th century, one reaction was nativism. To oversimplify, nativism is a … letter to the editor, but the restrictionists focus more commonly on the costs to the environment, social services …
Obama wore Isabel Toledo clothes made of St. Gallen Embroidery to the 2009 presidential inauguration.

Is Michelle Obama the Ultimate Insider?

… begins to fade, there’s a race among critics to find a compelling Rasputin or a group of gray eminences pulling the … and ideas.   Is she possibly the real power behind the throne?   First ladies have had tremendous influence over the … or disfavor of a strong-willed first lady — especially one well trusted by the president — can be critical in this …
Fidel Castro during a visit to Washington.

Why Economic Sanctions Often Fail

… 1960, shortly after Fidel Castro took power. They have done nothing to soften Cuba's anti-American stance, and they … to Iran in 2007. Switzerland's Swiss EGL energy trading company recently completed a forty-two billion dollar … recently announced. The president's recent and likely last official trip to Europe may prove to be nothing more than …
Mosul Grand Mosque in 2007

Bush Needs War — FAST

… UN weapons inspectors be given months or even a year to complete further investigations in that country, President … overall approval rating had dropped 10 points in just one month, and 44% disapproved of his overall management of … Street investors overcame their jitters and sent the Dow Jones surging 159 points for the day.  These developments are …
In 2011, thousands of ultra-nationalist demonstrators took to the streets of Moscow, armed with tsarist insignia and shouting the anti-immigrant chant "Let's give Russia back to the Russians!"

Russia’s Lost Empire

Review of Lost Kingdom: The Quest for Empire and the Making of the Russian Nation, From 1470 to the Present, by Serhii Plokhy (New York: Basic Books, 2017)
… language distinct from Greater Russia. In Belarus, Russian officials looked for a way to “Russify” many of the Poles in … Vladimir Putin poses for the cameras as he tours historical sites in newly-annexed Crimea. Putin asserted that … and truly non-Russian populations dwelled . Readers might come away with the impression that the Russian Empire and …
San Francisco earthquake 1906

San Francisco 1906 and Katrina 2005: The Increasing Costs of Unpreparedness

… that followed the earthquake wiping out its business and commercial districts. Still the scope of the two disasters … army and navy units quickly offered their services to city officials to organize both relief and recovery efforts.   … sometime in the next fifty years California will be revisited by an event similar to the 1906 quake or the flooding …
President George W. Bush with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley in 2006.

Is Iraq Vietnam?

… memorandum provides a very rare glimpse of what someone in the administration is actually thinking. He wants a … or at least contain the Viet Cong but could not rally non-Communist South Vietnamese behind it, prompting the United … his current Shiite political base and build him a whole new one. The United States might “use our own political capital …
Tanks rolling off a German assembly line in 1943

The Nature of World War II

… craft carried not people but supplies; 20 carried water alone. In subsequent days, other supplies would follow: food, … in continents far removed from the conflict because of the compelling demand that war creates for forest and … Boeing Plant 2, and hundreds of other military-industrial sites spewed the noxious pollutants that would eventually …
Former President Jimmy Carter

Putting Ex-Presidents Back to Work

… Baker as co-chair, Carter will lead a national bipartisan commission on election reform. His prestige and experience … a channel to let former presidents perform useful service. One option is to make these men honorary members of the U.S. … band of brothers with a mutual respect that they and they alone can fully appreciate. They want to be useful, alone and …
Rosie Castro with her sons, Joaquín, left, and Julián, April 23, 2006 (ZUMA Wire/San Antonio Express-News/Helen L. Montoya)

No Julian Castro without Mother Rosie Castro

… woman has held that position.   But Julian Castro did not become mayor on his own. He attributes his rise to the Chicano … activists held their own reunion in El Paso, Texas, to commemorate the 1972 national convention held in that city … student recording what these historic folks had to say. One of the women who spoke at the 1989 gathering was Rosie …
Illustration from Otto of Freising’s twelfth-century chronicle, which depicts Henry IV and Clement III presiding in Rome in 1084, and Gregory VII’s flight from the city and subsequent death in Salerno in 1085.

The Investiture Controversy

… Gregory VII chastised Henry IV’s association with excommunicated advisers and his appointment of three Italian … a step further, denying Henry his kingship, absolving everyone of their oaths to the king, and forbidding anyone to serve Henry as king.  The ramifications of Gregory’s …
 This is the logo of the Heaven's Gate cult.

Gullible Americans?

… of the Heaven’s Gate suicides now blame everything from comets to cults to cyberspace to the dead themselves — the … riverboat crook who left passengers penniless and disillusioned because he lured them with false hope and specious … to the Almighty to mangle the enemy, and later lampooned the naivete of “mind cure” practitioners from Mary …
Engraving of René Descartes.

A Triumph for Religion as Well as Science

… Federal Judge John E. Jones III’s December 20th verdict in Kitzmiller v. Dover that … Supporters of Intelligent Design do not do science as it’s done today: designing experiments, collecting data, and … and natural theology was a debate within the scientific community of the day. Within the modern scientific …
Actors in the Berezil troupe, 1922.

Ukrainian Theater on the Soviet Stage

… was destroyed, dangerous, and barely supported life, let alone theater. They traveled through a war zone to a small … cavorted with dancing girls. Finally, the figure of comic writer Ostap Vyshnia was depicted hunting a line of … Avant-Garde of the 1910s and 1920s (Rodovid, 2015). Website: “Open Kurbas” created by Tetiana Rudenko and the team …
Habana Lions Baseball Players 1946-47

Baseball Without Borders

Review of Havana Hardball: Spring Training, Jackie Robinson, and the Cuban League, by Cesar Brioso (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2015).
… not discrete organizations, but frequently interacted and competed, sharing players and locations, effectively … for the 1946-7 Cuban League season was only three quarters completed. With the end of the Second World War, and the … States, beginning a search for the appropriate player, one who was skilled, yet also patient, and willing to avoid …
Attica

A History of Athens Beyond Decline

Review of Athens After Empire: A History from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian, by Ian Worthington (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020)
… story, the myth relegates that city’s more interesting, complicated history to the margins. Ian Worthington’s latest … beginning of Macedonian hegemony after the battle of Chaeronea in 338 BCE, through the wars of the successors to … Mithridates against Rome. As Worthington writes, “no one could accuse the Athenians of ignoring any opportunity, …