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People celebrating anniversary of the revolution in Mashhad in 2014.

Iran: Still Struggling toward Self-Determination

… even at the risk of confrontation with the international community. In persuading the Iranian government to be more … to be a friend of democracy by using the threat of force alone. Rather, it must help other nations achieve their … for self-determination; this has been the announced cornerstone of American foreign policy. If the Iranian government is …
1935 cartoon by Vaughn Shoemaker in which he parodied the New Deal as a card game with alphabetical agencies.

The Auto Bailout: a Bad Deal

… to restart the auto industry.   Here's how it can be done:   Use already appropriated Federal government bailout … the next four months.   Require banks receiving bailout money to use 10 percent of the "aid" — $4 billion to date — … growth. If he fails to do this, President Obama will repeat one of Roosevelt's greatest economic mistakes. Even worse, …
A homeless man outside the outside the United Nations building in New York with the American flag in the background.

A New Abolition Movement — Against Poverty

… tax credit for children to the nation’s 6.5 million low-income families, and has buried the measure in another round … are pushing against the same obstacles that 18th-century opponents of slavery confronted: acceptance of an evil because … deplore it in dinner table conversations before asking someone to pass the lamb chops. Barbara Ehrenreich detailed the …
Cover of Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 by Odd Arne Westad.

Putting the Middle Kingdom in the Middle

Review of Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750, by Odd Arne Westad (New York: Basic Books, 2012)
… interest in China's future place in the international community has grown. Odd Arne Westad explores China's … and workers, are examined and considered as the crucial components of historical heritage that shape the views and … fostered a complex feeling towards foreigners. On the one hand, they felt victimized by imperialism and at the …
Depiction of General Scott capturing Mexico City during the Mexican-American War.

Getting Away from the “Quagmire” Cliché

… analogies about Iraq. They had better search further. While comparisons of Iraq with Vietnam may stir Howard Dean’s supporters to send him their milk money, they obscure rather than clarify what’s needed to “win … Americans attempt to shoehorn a military conflict into a “one size fits all” Vietnam analogy. In Operation Desert …
1992 portrait of General Wesley K. Clark.

Wesley Clark: In the Tradition of Generals Who Make Peace

… officers as presidential contenders. Generals who have become president (there were ten, six of them notable as commanders) have usually succeeded by presenting themselves … to make peace in a frustrating and demoralizing war. No one dared call the hero of World War II soft on communism. …
Young Child dressed in a Uncle Sam costume

Coming to America to Contribute

Review of Ellis Island Nation: Immigration Policy and American Identity in the Twentieth Century, by Robert L. Fleegler Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013
… United States is characterized by three great waves of newcomers. The first wave came primarily from Ireland, Germany, … views of immigrants contended in the public sphere. On the one hand, nativists continued to proclaim the inferiority of … make the world safe for democracy and to ensure that everyone, regardless of background, was treated decently. But, …
"Gay Liberation" by George Segal

Stonewall and the Unfinished Gay Revolution

… and diverse crowd led an uprising at New York’s Stonewall Inn. The event has become iconic in popular memory as the spark for a new radical … freedom fighters “through Seneca Falls , and Selma, and Stonewall.” The Stonewall Inn, 1969. In Stonewall’s wake, a … Milestones …
Waiting for a Chinook, by C.M. Russell. Overgrazing and harsh winters were factors that brought an end to the age of the Open Range.

Dot-Coms and the Great Cattle Die-Off

… Psst–want to make 30 to 40 percent and more a year on your money? Invest in an exciting American industry showing … came from the East, from the West, from Europe to pour money into an American industry growing exponentially year by … reward for reasonable risk. We're talking about the dot-com industries of the '90s, aren't we? Not this time. We're …
American Anti-Slavery Society, 1837

Revisiting Long Histories of the Reparations Debate

Review of Reparations for Slavery and The Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History, by Ana Lucia Araujo (New York City: Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2017)
… enslaved Africans generated tremendous wealth for an elite community of slave owners, slave traders, and political … formerly enslaved individuals and their descendants petitioned for compensation, recognition, and material support, … terms, such as “redress, compensation, indemnification, atonement, repayment, and restitution,” to convey the same …
Two baseballs.

Why Dick Allen Never Reached the Hall

… career home runs and his 1,119 RBIs place him in the same company as such Hall of Famers as Yogi Berra, Roy … cannot be fully explained as an expression of prejudice alone. Racism is a much broader cultural phenomenon, … by the sportswriters in the Hall of Fame voting. Cap Anson, one of the earliest inductees, was a major force in creating …
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife before their assassinations in Sarajevo.

The Enduring Lesson of Sarajevo

… Munich conference of 1938, where Britain and France abandoned Czechoslovakia to Nazi aggression, taught the lesson: … Serb nationalists assassinated the heir to the Austrian throne. Austria’s retaliation against Serbia escalated into a … invasion, the Iraqi military could engage in house-to-house combat or terrorist attacks against U.S. troops in Baghdad …
Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon walking on White House grounds.

Don’t Believe “Peace Is at Hand”

… Hanoi's agreement to free elections in the South. Alone with Kissinger, Nixon acknowledged on tape, "South … it. Halfway through his first term, he secretly decided to complete American troop withdrawals around election time. His stalling postponed the South's collapse until it was too late for voters …
 Haile Selassie in 1942

Emperor Haile Selassie I Returns Triumphant to Ethiopia

… capital city, Addis Ababa. The Ethiopian Emperor was accompanied by battle-tested companies of Patriot guerilla fighters (the Arbanyoch). British Colonel Orde Wingate led Gideon Force and an assorted mix of … which would lead to a Civil War that would cost more than one million lives and result, in 1993, in Ethiopia’s loss of …
Taxation without Representation, Suffrage Collection.

Death, Taxes, and the American Founders

… the need for savings versus the need for resources for the common good.  For many of today's issues — such as Internet … entire estate of a person convicted of treason.  They reasoned that the property even of citizens who had committed … people should be allowed to pass on to their children.  But one thing is certain:  They hoped to prevent the emergence …
Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger, by Bruce Kuklick book cover.

Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger

Review of Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger, by Bruce Kuklick (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006)
… World War. After listening to his story, I asked him to compare what he knew of Vietnam to his own experiences. His … to a lack of "social knowledge," a problem which no one could have solved (214). Thus, just as they and others … for diplomatic and military historians, as well as for anyone interested in the nature of policymaking during the last …
Monti's parents receive his Medal of Honor from President Barack Obama during a ceremony in the White House, September 17, 2009.

Leave the Medal of Honor Alone!

… whether there is an inadvertent subjective bias amongst commanders that has contributed to the low numbers of awards … bestowed and the reasons why.   The United States is not alone in keeping the integrity of its highest combat … Honor so we, as Americans, can rest assured there is still one corner in this nation where we may hear the word “hero” …
migrants walking down a road

Defining Refugees: 1921 and 1951

… work begun some 30 years earlier by the office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (HCR) of the League of Nations . Created on June 27, 1921, the position of High Commissioner was subsequently offered to the Norwegian Arctic … Milestones …
This postcard depicts a recreation of the Arbella, the ship that carried John Winthrop and his fellow Puritans to present-day Massachusetts.

From Forgotten Phrase to American Myth

Review of As a City on a Hill: The Story of America’s Most Famous Lay Sermon , by Daniel T. Rodgers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018)
… seemed to me, foreshadows what the United States would become more than the Puritan outpost of Boston. After all, … greatest law-giver the world has produced.” He never mentioned Winthrop. Jefferson was not alone among the Founders who ignored, or simply did not know, …
A military reservist, called to service in the wake of the disaster, involved in the decontamination process.

Chernobyl and the Cost of Lies

… follows suit, lying as much to themselves as to everyone else. The historical record supports the series’ … the explosion. A plant employee at work, mid-1980s. In any complex system, accidents are inevitable, but the Soviet … meant that the lie of the RBMK’s safety became an unquestioned official truth. The series depicts the cost of these …
An image showing slaves working on a plantation on the island of Antigua in the early 1800s.

After Abolition: Britain and the Slave Trade Since 1807

Review of After Abolition: Britain and the Slave Trade Since 1807, by Marika Sherwood (I.B. Tauris, 2007)
… slave trade. While the anniversary passed without too much comment in the United States, it was commemorated widely in … in the Americas. Finally in 1807, thanks to the impassioned efforts of the Anti-Slavery Society, the British … to admit. The story After Abolition tells is a horrifying one, but it is still incomplete. As Sherwood admits, she has …