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Some of the subjects in the Guatemalan experiments

The Guatemala Inoculation Experiments

… and the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (which would later become the Pan American Health Organization) financed and … the experiments. The Guatemalan government was also complicit and received compensation for its participation. … are not always ultimately able to afford or access the medications being tested. Further, in many parts of Latin …
Cover of A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920 by Dorothy Ann Pettit and Janice Bailie.

Before There Was Swine Flu

Review of A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920, by Dorothy A. Pettit and Janice Bailie (Timberlane Books, 2008)
… been in the air, both literally and figuratively. Almost exactly as I sat down to read Dorothy A. Pettit and … was upgrading the recent outbreak of H1N1 influenza, more commonly known as "swine flu," to a global pandemic. … and an estimated half-million Americans. The 1918 flu seemed even more cruel because it came just as World War I drew …
The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, which was constructed by the Umayyads in the 8th century.

Islamic Imperialism: A History

Review of Islamic Imperialism: A History, by Efraim Karsh (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2006)
… relationship with the larger world. The result is a compelling, albeit incomplete, portrait of politics in a … connected with military and spiritual conquest. Mohammed himself served as a religious, political and military … peace accords. For Karsh, the Oslo agreement is perhaps most symbolic of the relationship between the West and the …
Mary Mallon in a hospital bed in 1907.

Who Was Typhoid Mary?

… tested and found to be full of typhoid bacilli.  Mallon had committed no crime. She had been unaware of her carrier … public support for Mallon’s plight.  When a new health commissioner took office in 1910, he decided to release her … contagious tuberculosis refused to  quarantine  and take medicine to  cure it .  These measures have proven …
Attica

A History of Athens Beyond Decline

Review of Athens After Empire: A History from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian, by Ian Worthington (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020)
… story, the myth relegates that city’s more interesting, complicated history to the margins. Ian Worthington’s latest … Athens’ complicated relationship with the rest of the Mediterranean world. Most of the monumental building and reconstruction in Athens … Mediterranean …
The Alcoholics Anonymous logo at a church. (Image by Rachel K)

A Brief History of Alcoholics Anonymous

… Jung.  Jung suggested that alcoholism might only be overcome through a profound spiritual experience. Following … also long struggled with alcoholism. Wilson and Smith formed a connection that Smith attributed to their shared … “A.A … ought never to be organized … our leaders are but trusted servants; they do not govern. ”  AA was to be an …
Flag of the People's Republic of China

With Enemies Like These…

… the last twelve months is a strange experience. One of the most striking things is the sheer diversity of topics with a … as they have from the furor last summer triggered by comments about Beijing’s human rights record made by Bob … people ended up benefitting from, rather than being harmed by, being singled out for criticism by Beijing. The pair …
Immunization poster from the early 1940s that says, " Immunization: Saves Lives," and shows a child receiving a vaccination.

Voluntary Vaccination: Deciding the Risk of Unknowable Danger

… associated with it, seems a sound one. But does the presumed danger of smallpox justify the risks and costs of … to know. Estimates of mortality from smallpox differ. The most widely cited authorities, including the Centers for … the 1700s, European smallpox epidemics seem to have been comparatively mild, with minimal death rates. But thereafter …
Castilian ambassadors attempt to ally themselves with Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada.

The Iberian Realm of Islam

Review of Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain, by Brian A. Catlos (New York: Basic Books, 2018)
… the importance of Islam in the formation of European and Mediterranean culture. It is intended for a broad audience, … The reality of the Islamic kingdoms in Iberia was far more complex. Castilian ambassadors attempt to ally themselves … of unrest were already apparent. Factions emerged among competing groups—including among the ruling Umayyad dynastic …
Group of people wearing masks

Going Viral: COVID Conspiracies in Historical Perspective

How do conspiracy theories of the past compare with current ones?
… As national governments and the global scientific community struggle to contain the spread of the coronavirus, … has either denied the existence of the virus entirely or framed it as an intentional product—has proliferated at an alarming rate. It has also enjoyed the most mainstream attention of any conspiracy theory since the …
The hazards of an enclosed work environment – a typist with cloth mask during the influenza pandemic in 1918.

The Respirator and Cloth Mask

… respirators. It is a world we are not prepared for. The biomedical, sanitary, and technological advances of the last … understandings of how disease is transmitted within the community. As a general rule, respirators function by … This served to loosen the mucus membranes and provided a comforting insulation from the cold, allowing the wearer to …
Haze obscuring image of rooftops in China

The Greening of China?

… great paradox. With its fast-growing economy, China has become the leading producer of CO2 (though not on a per-capita basis). Simultaneously, it has become the world's leading producer of green and renewable … to three experts— David Pietz , Betsy Brunner , and Ruth Mostern —about the problems facing China today, the short …
Last Supper By Simon Ushakov, 1685

Reverence and Relics: The Holy Dead in the Pre-Modern Christian World

Review of Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation, by Robert Bartlett (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013)
… were an obvious denominational marker. “Part Two: Dynamics” comprises the bulk of the book. In chapters five through … of some pilgrims were not strictly spiritual, and he compares the practice with modern tourism. In chapter … of churches, towns, and individuals over the course of the medieval period. Two chapters on the imagery and literature …
poster supporting those lost in Pearl Harbor

Mobilizing for Common Purpose in the COVID Era

… Just how has American society mobilized for a sense of common purpose in the past? And why have we seemed to lose that sense of common purpose today in the midst of the coronavirus … Public Health, Disease, and Medicine … Mobilizing for Common Purpose in the COVID Era …
1866 cartoon by Daumier, L’Equilibre Européen, representing the balance of power as soldiers of different nations teeter the earth on bayonets.

Democracy by Force, or by Example?

… Spreading democracy has become the nation’s principal foreign policy goal. Yet there … sovereignty, was gaining ground. Governments there reaffirmed the importance of order through the vigorous assertion … one member said, should have nothing to do “with the wrongs committed by other Governments against those whom they …
paper with AIDS text on it

AIDS Education in Bombay's Red Light District

… had reached India. Only then did testing of blood donors become mandatory, but by this time contamination of the blood … documenta,y journalism. 42 · ORIGINS· NOVEMBER1993 choice. Most have been sold or tricked into a situation of bonded … the police force, colleges, factories, and construction sites have all been targeted and flooded with posters, …
nurses holding stretchers

The 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic vs. the 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic

What political, economic, and ecological effects did the 1918 Spanish Flu have on the United States and the British Commonwealth?
Grade Level
9-12
9
10
11
12
Teaching Area
US History since 1877
… 1918 Spanish Flu have on the United States and the British Commonwealth? … Public Health, Disease, and Medicine …
students wearing masks sitting at desks in a classroom writing

Pandemic Pedagogies (Classroom Activities)

An Interdisciplinary Model for Teaching about the Human Impacts of Pandemics
Grade Level
4-8
6
7
8
9-12
9
10
11
12
Teaching Area
World History to 1500
World History since 1500
US History to 1877
US History since 1877
… material. 2. Increase student empathy and awareness of the complexities of a pandemic (past or present). 3. Introduce … past or present). Visit the  Pandemic Pedagogies  website at  https://pandemicpedagogiesproject.wordpress.com/ … Public Health, Disease, and Medicine …
People wearing masks

The Respirator and Cloth Mask

Germ theory helped to usher in the widespread use of cloth masks.
… for the Humanities. Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this content do not necessarily … Public Health, Disease, and Medicine …
Cover of Song of Wrath The Peloponnesian War Begins by J. E. Lendon.

A Time For War

Review of Song of Wrath: The Peloponnesian War Begins, by J.E. Lendon (Basic Books, New York, 2010)
… his history to be a "possession for all time," but he assumed that "all time" would be inhabited by the ancient … chapter two by the motivations and actions that led to the coming of the Ten Years' War. In chapter three, Lendon … in the political dimension. If one Greek state gave a command to another, this usually implied that the commanded …
buildings in ancient Rome on fire

The Great Fire of Rome

Mid-July, 64 CE, in the heart of Rome, tragedy struck as fire erupted into a massive inferno.
Mediterranean …