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The Mars explorer Curiosity's view back at its own tracks after crossing a sand dune in 2014.

Mariner 9: Opening The Martian Frontier

… Photograph of Mars taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2003. Mars, the red planet so … in the distant past, but the liquid disappeared eons ago when the atmosphere thinned. When we think about Martian … if the spacecraft had been yet another flyby. But Mariner 9 was an orbital mission. NASA scientists waited a few months …
Sonia Sotomayor, U.S. Supreme Court justice.

Attacks on Sotomayor Ignore Court’s History and Makeup

… Sonia Sotomayor is too liberal to serve on the Supreme Court — so, at least, say many conservative … for them to protest Sotomayor’s left-wing views, though, when the current Supreme Court is far more conservative than … party so unpopular it actually disappeared while he was in office. That didn’t stop him from making life …
Engraving of Roman plague doctor, Schnabel c.1656.

Quarantino: Plague and the Origins of Social Distancing

… As COVID-19 has infected more than 90 million people in the first 13 months of the outbreak alone, governments … c.1292. In the 14 th century, people believed that the body was ruled by four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and … in his medical writings that health was only achieved whenthese constituent substances are in the correct …
Kagan, Obama, and Roberts before her investiture ceremony, October 1, 2010.

How Empathy Makes Superior Judges – and Justice

… In voting on President Obama’s nomination of Elena Kagan for the Supreme Court this week, senators should consider her … an empathetic justice. Republicans mocked President Obama when he suggested that empathy was an important ingredient in a justice. In fact, the
UNR postcard (ca. 1918), Ukrainians face invading Russia. Caption: “Our enemies die like the dew in the sun and we brothers will rule in our turn.” From the author’s collection.

Ukrainian Independence: From Versailles 1 to Versailles 2

The ZUNR fought a Polish invasion in the west until it was defeated in June 1919.  In the UNR, the Ukrainian Party … the provinces claimed by the UNR as an independent state.  When Germany collapsed in November 1918 , the Bolsheviks … Putin invaded Ukraine again in 2014 as had Vladimir Lenin in 1917. Today, however, Ukraine has an independent …
Crowd with sign: "Black Caucus for Chisholm"

"Earn Your Spurs" (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 7)

… analyzing women's voting and activism, we finally turn to the final frontier: Public Office. From School Boards to the Presidential ticket, join us as we trace the bumpy road of women running for elected office.  … loss Mrs. Salter was sure to face would humiliate the WCTU. When Mrs. Salter learned from early morning voters that her …
Demonstrators in steadily falling snow outside of the Wisconsin Capitol building.

Wisconsin: A History of Leading the Nation for Better or Worse

… Wisconsin doesn't often provide political leadership at the national level, but when it does, it's like that old nursery rhyme about the … few upon the rights of the many."   Robert La Follette Jr. was elected as his father's successor in the Senate and …

We Won’t Shut up and Dribble: A Short History of Black Athletic Protest

… literally hunted EVERYDAY/EVERYTIME we step foot outside the comfort of our homes! Can't even go for a damn jog man! … James in his Cleveland Cavaliers uniform, 2008. James was reacting to a forty-second video released of three white … teams, in Sol White's Official Baseball Guide (1907). When the National Football League was formed in 1920 it …
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in 1964.

The (Character) Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

The family of Martin Luther King, Jr., much maligned of late … complicated with such stale, predictable theories that it was secretly orchestrated by the government? One reason may … Hoover’s hatred for King bordered on the pathological, and when the civil rights leader received the Nobel Peace Prize …
Cover of A Swindler's Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty by Kirsten McKenzie.

What's in a Name?

Review of A Swindler's Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty , by Kirsten McKenzie (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2010)
… One of the growing challenges facing our digitally-driven world is … in the British empire.  McKenzie first visualized the story when suffering a "bad case of footnote paranoia" (291). … Australia as a "place for social reinvention"—was far more interesting than she had initially realized.  …

A Century of U.S. Relations with Iraq

… 18, 2011, some 500 U.S. soldiers at Camp Adder in southern Iraq boarded 110 military vehicles and drove off … without incident, it left behind a legacy of a war that was controversial in origin, costly to Iraqi civilians and … national borders, and built it into a pro-Western monarchy. When a threat developed that Nazi Germany might gain …

The Alpha and Omega of the Greek Debt Crisis

… June 2015, I stood in a long queue that wrapped around Athens’s busy Stadiou Street hoping to withdraw some euros … After what felt like an eternity under the blazing sun, I was just two people away from the machine when I heard some Greek expletives and saw a commotion in …
An image comparing Communism to Naziism

Historical Analogies and the China Debate

… a contemporary problem in a new light and can even aid the construction of sensible public policy.  Misconceived or … mock the authorities. The problem with such analogies comes when they’re used to illuminate, not just undermine the … on the principle of succession through bloodlines. There was never any serious thought that this would happen after …
Soldiers in Kosovo

Kosovo: The Lessons of History?

… “If our bombs are so ‘smart,’ how come they’re always hitting refugees, hospitals and children?” … “How are we supposed to peacefully resolve our differences when our government uses violence instead of diplomacy?” As … I listened to his argument. It seemed as if Robert McNamara was there making the case for Vietnam, except that I was
 Cover of Chivalry in Medieval England by Nigel Saul

Knighthood As It Was, Not As We Wish It Were

Review of Chivalry in Medieval England, by Nigel Saul (Harvard University Press, 416 pp, 2011, ISBN 978-0-674-06368-6)
They just don't make 'em like they used to. How often have you muttered this phrase when thinking of something and wished that things could just … past because it makes us think that everything "then" was a lot nicer, a lot simpler, and maybe just plain better …
DC Police Car in the snow

A Long View of Policing in America

… How we understand policing in the United States depends not only on what issues we focus … , hosts Leticia Wiggins and Patrick Potyondy sit down with the historians Marcus Nevius , Lilia Fernández , and Clay Howard to take a longer and broader view of the matter. They discuss how modern policing problems are …
Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

Soviet Ukraine in a Nutshell

The Birth of Soviet Ukraine. When the Russian Empire … ways. Progressive Ukrainians wanted an independent Ukraine, socialists desired a future that was connected with the Russian Bolsheviks, but factions …
ELAS Guerrillas, 1943

The Greek Civil War, 1946–1949

The years 1940–1949 were ones of continuous horror for the Greek people. When the Second World War (WWII) ended in 1945 and the rest of Europe was beginning to rebuild itself, Greece entered into a … The Greek Civil War, 1946–1949 …
Two vials of modern insulin named Actrapid (left) and NovoRapid (right) by the manufacturers.

The First Insulin Injection as a Treatment for Diabetes

… As of 2020, the CDC estimates that just over one in ten Americans has … complications if left untreated. Diabetes is caused when the body fails to produce insulin (Type I diabetes) or … milestone occurred when a new treatment—insulin injection—was first successfully used on January 23, 1922. The efforts …
Mexican flag in a square

A Postcard from Mexico City

… and several phases of history. San Juan Teotihuacán, on the outskirts of Mexico City, thrived as a city nearly two … is the smallest out of the two pyramids. Originally red, it was dedicated to the goddess of water and fertility. The … a new one. They would know the location of their new lands when they saw an eagle eating a snake on top of a nopal …