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European Union flag fluttering in the wind.

Europe Already Has a Working Constitution

… nothing to lose. The European Union is a customs union with extras. It is far short of the constitutional unity of the … board, beyond direct national control. An EU supreme court sometimes does battle with national courts. Some obstacles … a dramatic reconciliation in the European Coal and Steel Community.Ê Founded with four other countries in 1951, it …
Church and belltower at Usol’e.

A Postcard from the Ural Mountains

… to and from Siberia in 1734 and again in September 1742, commenting from Nev’iansk: “I had little interaction with … where we were instructed in early modern techniques of salt extraction. Crucial to the preservation of food, salt was in … ( Gora Vysokaia ), which has the distinction of being some 50 meters less high than it was before industrial …
1866 cartoon by Daumier, L’Equilibre Européen, representing the balance of power as soldiers of different nations teeter the earth on bayonets.

Democracy by Force, or by Example?

… Spreading democracy has become the nation’s principal foreign policy goal. Yet there … by force if necessary. It’s a proposition that deserves some thought, and we’re fortunate that in 1824 the House of … one member said, should have nothing to do “with the wrongs committed by other Governments against those whom they …

The Soccer World Goes to South Africa: Sport and the Making of Modern Africa

… of the re-admittance of South Africa to the international community. To many, winning a rugby tournament might seem to … of the most visible avenues through which the international community responded to the all-white National Party … internationally. As a consequence, sport also generated some of the most high-profile—and occasionally …
Exiles carry a poster against the communist government of Cuba, in a demonstration in Miami

Cuba in Focus–Again

… Americans think. They are approximately 1.2 million people, some 800,000 in and around Miami, some 80,000 in New … the exiles and the U.S. government joined in a powerful common cause to dump Castro, who, in the peak Cold War … pro quo. Slowly, however, the view of the Cuban-American community is changing, partly because Cuban immigration has …

Where have you gone, Holden Caulfield? Why We Aren’t ‘Alienated’ Anymore

… Over the last year, we have come to know a good deal about Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab. … about him, the odder it seemed that he should have become a terrorist. This fresh-faced twenty-three-year old … as Friedman puts it, are unable to direct the lives of some of their young people is because the very processes of …
Hessian troops surrendering to General George Washington after the Battle of Trenton.

The Return of the Mercenary

… carnage in Iraq has made public a dirty little secret: some of the personnel on duty there are not volunteer … phenomenon. This is why Congress should examine the recommendations made in a 2002 British government Green Paper … British-based mercenary firm, has contracts with major oil companies such as Texaco and Chevron to protect their assets …
scene from the video game Valiant Hearts, The Great War

Top Ten Origins: Historically Themed Video Games

… as gaming has grown into a multi-billion-dollar industry, some historians have begun to see the value of video games … (1994) Strategic Simulations, Inc. (SSI) began developing computer games in 1979, but only established itself as a … and resources similar to those faced by real World War II commanders. 3. Battlefield 1 (2016) Battlefield 1 conveys …
Cover of "Our Hemisphere"? The United States in Latin America, from 1776 to the Twenty-First Century by Britta H. Crandall and Russell C. Crandall.

Episodes of Ambivalent Empire

Review of “Our Hemisphere”? The United States in Latin America, from 1776 to the Twenty-First Century by : Britta H. Crandall and Russell C. Crandall (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2021)
… policy toward Latin America. The authors argue that while sometimes the actions of U.S. policymakers showed they … century, officials sometimes demonstrated a broad commitment to republican and democratic principles. For … and Secretaries of State but also newspapermen and common citizens effused sympathy for the revolutionaries’ …
bowl of pills with a black background

The Past and Future of the Global War on Drugs (Prologued, Season 2, Finale)

… on Prologued...   Alexander Aviña  So it's a really, like, complex, messy matrix, right? So I don't want to say that … Cold War in Mexico and Thailand. The conflation of drug trafficker with revolutionary underscores a pattern that we have … greater extent than we are. And we really need to spend some time  unpacking the biases that come into these terms, …
a billboard with flags of many countries and the word Peace on it.

A Conscientious Objector Looks Back

… were symbolic munYou would the announcement over the intercom: .. Youhear would hear the announcement sentiment was … Mr.over Strong, report· Mr. to Hannah the please intercom: Strong. plea t the blows. to pmcalmed the blows, to pin … dont make that kind of distinction. He admits to feeling some culture shock, a sense ed us vs. them." Edwards says …
Crowd photo at the 2017 Women's March in Washington DC

The Way We Never Were (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 1)

… Revolution--and learn that women in America have never been completely united.  … 53% of white women voted for Donald Trump. Think pieces blossomed overnight, denouncing the complicity and betrayal of white women to the feminist …

What We Talk About When We Talk About Confederate Monuments

… the violence had already begun. But the worst was yet to come. Saturday’s rally was scheduled to start at noon, but … five months, historians have endeavored to demonstrate that something other than respectful recognition of a fallen foe … have spent their careers demonstrating that  Confederate commemoration  tells us precious little about the Civil War …
Bruce Lee

The Original Street Fighting Man

Review of Striking Distance: Bruce Lee and the Dawn of Martial Arts in America, by Charles Russo Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 2016)
… arts by providing capsule biographies of the many now somewhat forgotten martial arts masters who were also … after Lee challenged anyone who doubted his word to come to his studio in Oakland. Russo makes his case by … arts practitioners. Even the famous Wong Jack Man fight comes across as more of a draw than a complete victory in …

Outdoing Panama: Turkey’s ‘Crazy’ Plan to Build an Istanbul Canal

… on the Bosporus—a strait crowded not only with urban commuters and pleasure craft, but Russian oil tankers … Canal, the Suez and the Corinth Canal in Greece cannot even compete!" The project outlined by Erdogan calls for a 45-50 kilometer (28-31 mile) canal, some 25 meters (27 yards) in depth and up to 150 meters (164 …
A photo of Helmut Kohl in1987.

Germany After Kohl

… sad watching a powerful political figure overstay his welcome. Helmut Kohl, German chancellor for sixteen years, has … Germany under Schrôder might do is of greater importance. A comparison of the chancellorships of Konrad Adenauer and Kohl may provide some clues. Two questions come to mind. Has Kohl left …

From Gaza to Jerusalem: Is the Two State Solution under Siege?

… demands to inspect the cargo they carried, and Israeli navy commandos boarded the vessels before the boats pulled into … The conflict's causes are (it almost goes without saying) complex, combining conflicting land claims of rival … that this siege has precipitated a humanitarian crisis. And some activists, banded together in a "Free Gaza" movement, …

A Century of U.S. Relations with Iraq

… a cloak of early morning darkness on December 18, 2011, some 500 U.S. soldiers at Camp Adder in southern Iraq … some five hours later. This departure of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Cavalry Division of the U.S. … civilians and American soldiers, and inconclusive in outcome. The 2003 U.S. military invasion of Iraq and the …

The Fate of the Kurds

… groups in the Middle East , with a population of some 35-40 million people centered in southeastern Turkey, … related to Persian. In the largely mountainous region that comprises their homeland, over the centuries Kurds practiced … pastures and forging symbiotic relationships with settled communities. Others lived in cities and contributed to local …

The Long Legacy of World War I

… democracies, and political experiments such as Bolshevik communism. Much of Europe lay in tatters and virtually an … became a distinctly modern form of commemoration. Names sometimes stood over bodies, but they more often stood for … war was over, mostly through indemnities and reparations extracted from the defeated powers. A 1917 poster printed by …
Soldiers in Kosovo

Kosovo: The Lessons of History?

… “If our bombs are so ‘smart,’ how come they’re always hitting refugees, hospitals and … and NATO bombs fell upon Kosovo this spring, these were some of the voices I heard in my high school classroom. I … but if we listen carefully, their voices convey a sense of compassion, coupled with disappointment. Often stereotyped …
Satchel Paige with bat boys in the dugout watching a game in Los Angeles, ca. 1943.

Satchel Paige: The First Negro League Player Inducted into the Hall of Fame

… Hall of Famer had gone before. He pleaded, “I hope that someday, the names of Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson in some … too frequently heard, “if only you were white,” as a compliment to their skills, but also as a reality check that … him “one of the greatest pitchers of all time.”  The compliments were great, but they might as well have said, …